Vitis vinifera (Wild Grape)

Overview

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Wine grape. <em>Vitis vinifera</em> Grapevines setting fruit.

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Bulgarian:

Vino

Common Names in Chinese:

Ou Zhou Pu Tao

Common Names in Danish:

Almindelig Vin, Vin, Vinranke, Vinstok

Common Names in English:

Wild Grape, Wine Grape, Common Grapevine, European Grape, Grape, Grapevine, Vine

Common Names in French:

Lambrusque, Vigne, Vigne Cultivée, Vigne Sauvage

Common Names in German:

Echter Weinstock, Rebe, Rebstock, Wein, Wein-Rebe, Weinrebe, Weinstock

Common Names in Greek:

Ambeli, Ambelos (Plant), K Klima (Plant), Stafyli (Fruit), Stafylia

Common Names in Italian:

Ambrusca, Lebrusca, Vite, Vite Comune, Vite Selvatica, Zampino

Common Names in Japanese:

Budou, Yooroppu Budou

Common Names in Portuguese:

Uva, Uva (Brazil), Videira, Videira (Brazil), Videira-Europeia, Vinha, Vinho

Common Names in Russian:

Obyknobennaia Vinogradnaia, Vinograd, Vinograd Kul´turnyi, виноград

Common Names in Spanish:

Vino

Common Names in Swedish:

Vindruva

Common Names in Thai:

A Ngun

Description

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Family Vitaceae

Woody climbers , sometimes vines , rarely small succulent trees , hermaphroditic or polygamo-monoecious to polygamo-dioecious . Stems unarmed , sometimes with conspicuous lenticels , or bark sometimes shredding (in most species of Vitis) ; branches often swollen at 3-7-lacunar nodes; pith continuous or interrupted by diaphragms at nodes; tendrils simple , bifurcate to trifurcate , or 4-12-branched (in Parthenocissus), usually leaf-opposed, rarely tendrils absent. Raphide sacs present in parenchymatous tissues . Leaves simple, lobed or unlobed, or digitately or pedately compound to 1-3-pinnately compound, alternate, distichous, variously toothed , commonly with multicellular , stalked , caducous spherical structures known as "pearl" glands ; stipules 2 or rarely absent, often caducous. Flowers small, with prophylls, in panicles, corymbs, or rarely spikes, often leaf-opposite, pseudo-terminal , or axillary (in Cayratia and Tetrastigma), actinomorphic , hypogynous, 4- or 5(-7 as in Rhoicissus) -merous. Calyx with 4 or 5(-7) small teeth or lobes or a continuous ring. Petals valvate , 4 or 5(-7), free or basally connate , or distally connate forming a calyptra (e.g. , in Vitis) . Stamens 4 or 5(-7), antepetalous ; anthers introrse , dehiscing longitudinally, tetrasporangiate or rarely bisporangiate . Floral disk intrastaminal , ring-shaped, cupular, or gland-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-loculed; ovules 2 per locule; placentation axile , appearing nearly basal, apotropous or anatropous , bitegmic, crassinucellar; style simple, connate; stigma discoid or capitate, rarely 4-lobed (Tetrastigma), not papillate . Fruit a berry, 1-4-seeded. Seeds endotestal, with an abaxial chalazal knot and an adaxial raphe with 2 furrows , one on each side; embryo straight, small; endosperm oily, proteinaceous, copious , ruminate .

About 14 genera and ca. 900 species: worldwide, but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions; eight genera and 146 species (87 endemic, two introduced ) in China.

The family is important for grapes, wine, and raisins (especially Vitis vinifera, and several other species and hybrids of Vitis) . There are a few ornamental climbers in the genera Ampelopsis, Cissus, Parthenocissus, and Tetrastigma, of which Parthenocissus tricuspidata of China and Japan and P. quinquefolia of eastern North America are well-known examples. Some plants (e.g., Ampelopsis japonica, Cissus quadrangularis, and Tetrastigma hemsleyanum) are highly regarded medicines.[1]

Genus Vitis

Lianas, woody, usually polygamo-dioecious , rarely hermaphroditic . Bark usually shedding; tendrils leaf-opposed, usually bifurcate . Leaves simple , often lobed , sometimes palmately compound ; stipules usually caducous . Inflorescence a thyrse . Flowers 5-merous. Calyx saucer-shaped ; sepals minute. Petals united at apex and shed as a cap (calyptra) at anthesis . Stamens opposite to petals, undeveloped and abortive in female flowers. Disk conspicuous , 5-lobed or ring-shaped. Pistil 1; style slender; stigma slightly expanded. Berry globose , 2-4-seeded. Seeds obovoid or obovoid-elliptic, base rostrate , abaxially 1-furrowed with a rounded or suborbicular or elliptic chalazal knot , adaxially 2-furrowed; endosperm M-shaped in cross-section.

About 60 species: mostly in temperate regions , extending to the subtropics with the species diversity primarily in China and E North America; 37 species (30 endemic, one introduced ) in China.

Vitis vinifera Linnaeus, the well-known source plant for grapes and wine, has a long history of cultivation all over the world. The wild grape species are primarily distributed in three centers of diversity : East Asia, North to Central America, and Europe to Central Asia. In China, Vitis occurs naturally in all provinces except Xinjiang, Qinghai, Nei Mongol, and Ningxia. The roots , stems, and leaves of several wild species are used as medicine; the berries are edible or used to make wine; and the seeds are sometimes used for oil .[2]

Physical Description

Species Vitis vinifera

Branchlets terete , with longitudinal ridges , glabrous or sparsely pilose ; tendrils bifurcate . Leaves simple , conspicuously 3-5-lobed or cleft ; stipules caducous ; petiole 4-9 cm, nearly glabrous; leaf blade oval , 7-18 × 6-16 cm, basal veins 5, lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, veinlets inconspicuously raised, base deeply cordate, notch rounded , 2 sides usually overlapping to nearly so, margin 22-27-toothed on each side, teeth large, irregular, and sharp, glabrous or sparsely pilose, apex of midlobes acute. Panicle sparse or dense, opposite to leaves, basal branches well developed, 10-20 cm; peduncle 2-4 cm, glabrous or with sparse arachnoid tomentum . Pedicel 1.5-2.5 mm, glabrous. Buds obovoid , 2-3 mm, apex rounded. Calyx glabrous, undulate . Filaments filiform , 0.6-1 mm; anthers yellow, oval, 0.4-0.8 mm. Pistil entirely abortive in male flowers; ovary oval; style short; stigma expanded. Berry globose or elliptic , 1.5-2 cm in diam. Seeds obovoid to obelliptic, apex subrounded, chalazal knot elliptic, raphe slightly raised, ventral holes broadly furrowed upward ca. 1/4 from base. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Aug-Sep. 2n = 38*. [source]

Habit: Vine , Shrub

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Vitanae () - Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Vitales () - Takhtajan ex Reveal, 1996
        Family: Vitaceae () - Durande, 1782 ex A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - grapes
        Subfamily: Vitoideae ()
        Genus: Vitis () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Grape
        Specific epithet: vinifera - L.
        Botanical name: - Vitis vinifera L.

Synonyms

Cissus vinifera (L.) Kuntze

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Vitis

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 142 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1372, p. 1373, p. 1382, p. 1388, p. 1695, p. 1704, p. 3481, p. 3488, p. 480, p. 51.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 12, 2012.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11-13 July 2006) 2007. Vitis vinifera. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
NLBIF, Limnodata
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2652168
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-28629
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:69139-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 41905
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28629
IUCN ID: 248757
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: VIVI5
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 68496

Footnotes

Prof. Zhiduan Chen, Hui Ren & Jun Wen "Vitaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 33, 115, 173. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Hui Ren & Jun Wen "Vitis". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 173, 210. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 229.090 meters (751.608 feet), Standard Deviation = 329.400 based on 1,997 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Vitis vinifera

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Vitaceae

Genus Vitis

Physical Description

Species Vitis vinifera

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Similar Species

Members of the genus Vitis

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes