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Terminalia parviflora

Overview

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Vulnerable

Threat status

Interesting Facts

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Description

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Family Combretaceae

Trees , shrubs , or woody lianas, evergreen or deciduous, rarely subherbaceous. Indumentum of simple hairs , glandular hairs, or multicellular hairs secreting calcium oxalate and forming scales or present beneath cuticle and making leaf blade surface verruculose and sometimes translucent dotted . Leaves opposite, subopposite, whorled , spiraled, or alternate, usually petiolate , estipulate; petiole sometimes persistent and thornlike; leaf blade simple, margin entire or subentire , sometimes toothed , glands often present between crenations of proximal margin and at base or on petiole. Inflorescences terminal , axillary , or extra-axillary , spikes, branched spikes, racemes , panicles, or sometimes capitula, bracteate . Flowers usually regular, rarely slightly zygomorphic, usually bisexual , sometimes bisexual and male flowers present in same inflorescence. Receptacle surrounding and adnate to ovary and extended into a short or long calyx tube dilated distally (together termed "calyx tube" in this treatment) ; lobes 4 or 5(-8), valvate in bud, persistent or deciduous, sometimes almost absent. Petals 4 or 5, inserted near mouth of calyx tube, imbricate or valvate in bud, conspicuous or not, or absent. Stamens usually 2 × as many as calyx lobes in 2 series, inserted inside distal part of calyx tube, included in or exserted from calyx tube; filaments incurved in bud; anthers dorsifixed , usually versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk usually present, intrastaminal , hairy or glabrous . Ovary inferior, 1-loculed; ovules 2(-6), pendulous, anatropous , usually only 1 developing; style 1, simple, usually free from distal part of calyx tube, subulate to filiform ; stigma capitate or inconspicuous. Fruit a pseudocarp, very variable in shape and size, fleshy or dry, 1-seeded, usually indehiscent, often longitudinally 2-5-winged, -ridged, or -angled; endocarp not or at least partly sclerenchymatous . Cotyledons convolute, folded, or twisted. Endosperm absent.

About 20 genera and ca. 500 species: widespread in tropics and subtropics; six genera and 20 species (one endemic) in China.

Tan et al. (J. Plant. Res. 115: 475-481. 2002) inferred a phylogeny of the Chinese genera from nuclear , plastid, and spacer sequences based on 16 species in 19 samples . The mangrove genera Lumnitzera and Laguncularia Gaertner were placed as sister taxa in a clade sister to the other genera in China plus Conocarpus Linnaeus. The latter group comprised two clades: one with Conocarpus sister to an unresolved grouping of Terminalia and Anogeissus; the other with Getonia sister to Quisqualis and Combretum.[1]

Genus Terminalia

Trees , often very large and buttressed , rarely shrubs . Branches often in tiers . Leaves spiraled, alternate, subopposite, or opposite, often crowded into pseudowhorls at apices of branchlets ; leaf blade oblong , elliptic , obovate , or orbicular , hairy or glabrous , often minutely verruculose and translucent dotted (from calcium oxalate crystals), often with domatia, often with 2 or more glands at or above leaf blade base or on petiole . Inflorescences axillary or terminal spikes or racemes , sometimes panicles, with bisexual flowers toward base of inflorescence and male flowers toward apex. Calyx tube proximally broadly cylindric to ellipsoid or ovoid , distally cupular or sometimes scarcely developed; lobes 4 or 5, deltoid or ovate . Petals absent. Stamens 8 or 10. Fruit variable in size and shape , often fleshy and drupelike, sometimes dry and leathery or corky, often longitudinally 2-5-winged, or -ridged, sometimes weakly so; endocarp usually at least partly sclerenchymatous .

About 150 species: tropics of Africa, America, and Asia, extending to S Africa, Australia, and Pacific islands; six species in China.

.[2]

Habitat

Biome: Terrestrial [3].

Ecology: A tree confined to lowland rainforest.[3].

Taxonomy

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Similar Species

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Members of the genus Terminalia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 20 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

T. alata (Indian Laurel) · T. amazonia (White Olive) · T. arbuscula (White Olive) · T. arjuna (White Marudah) · T. bellirica (Myrobalan) · T. bentzoe bentzoe (Benjoin) · T. bialata (Indian Silver-Grey Wood) · T. brassii (Brown Terminalia) · T. buceras (Gregorywood) · T. carolinensis (Terminalia) · T. catappa (Badamier) · T. chebula (Myrobalan) · T. citrina (Yellow Myrobalan) · T. complanata (Pale-Yellow Terminalia) · T. ivorensis (Black Afara) · T. kaernbachii (Brown Terminalia) · T. muelleri (Australian Almond) · T. myriocarpa (East Indian Almond) · T. paniculata (Kindal) · T. superba (Superb Terminalia)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. Jie Chen & Nicholas J. Turland "Combretaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 309. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Terminalia". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 309, 310. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Terminalia parviflora. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 February 2012. [back]
Last Revised: 2012-07-28