Taxus wallichiana

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Endangered

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Taxaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , dioecious or rarely monoecious. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, linear or lanceolate, abaxial surface with 1 stomatal band on each side of prominent or inconspicuous midvein , resin canal present or absent. Pollen cones solitary in leaf or bract axils, or aggregated into spikelike complexes apically on branches; microsporophylls numerous ; pollen sacs 3-9, radially arranged or on outer side of microsporophyll and then with distinct adaxial and abaxial surfaces; pollen nonsaccate. Seed-bearing structures solitary or paired in axils of leaves or bracts, pedunculate or sessile, with several overlapping or decussate bracts at base ; ovule solitary, borne at apex of floral axis, erect . Seed sessile or pedunculate, drupelike or nutlike, partially enclosed in a succulent, saccate or cupular aril, or completely enclosed within aril; female gametophyte tissue abundant. Cotyledons 2. Germination epigeal, hypogeal in Torreya.

Five genera and 21 species; mainly N hemisphere (except Austrotaxus R. H. Compton: New Caledonia) ; four genera (one endemic) and 11 species (five endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Habitat

Ecology: Taxus wallichiana is a small to large understorey or lower canopy tree in montane , temperate , warm temperate, and tropical submontane to high montane forest, both angiosperm and conifer dominated, deciduous or evergreen , or in mixed forests . In open situations on rocky slopes and cliffs it usually forms a large, broadly spreading shrub . Elevation ranges from 900 m to 3,700 m asl and soils are mostly derived from silicate-bearing rocks, i.e. acidic to neutral. Like the European T. baccata it is easily dispersed by birds and can germinate quickly in large numbers on suitable sites. It has a very long life-span and may sprout from stumps . Taxus wallichiana occurs in pure stands of limited extent or mixed in the understorey of Quercus, Abies and Picea, or in mixed conifer forest. In Viet Nam T. wallichiana has been found growing in submontane evergreen mixed forests associated with the conifers Cephalotaxus mannii, Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Keteleeria evelyniana, Nageia wallichiana, and Podocarpus neriifolius. It will form dense thickets on exposed rocky slopes with little tree growth. In the Philippines it occurs on high ridges and mountain summits in mossy forest, or sometimes in rocky grass and scrubland. In Sumatera and Sulawesi it is usually a mid-montane species.[2].

List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.9     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane   
[more info]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Taxus baccata wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilg. • Taxus chinensis var. yunnanensis (W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu) L. K. Fu • Taxus contorta Griff. • Taxus nucifera Wall. • Taxus orientalis Bertol. • Taxus wallichiana var. yunnanensis (W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu) C. T. Kuan • Taxus yunnanensis • Taxus yunnanensis W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu

Notes

Publishing author : Zucc. Publication : Abh. Akad. Muench. iii. (1837-43) 803. t. 5

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Conservation status: NT, Habit: Shrub/Tree

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

In most of the literature referring to Taxus in the Himalayas only one species, T. wallichiana Pilg., is recognized for the entire mountain chain [often referred to as T. baccata ssp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilg.]. More recently, all of the populations occurring from central Nepal westward to northern Pakistan and Afghanistan have been assigned to the relatively recently described species T. fuana Nan Li & R.R.Mill, which was first known from the Himalayas of SW Xizang [Tibet]. This species has turned out to be synonymous with T. contorta Griff., a much earlier name, which therefore has priority and must be used instead. It is quite distinct from both T. wallichiana and from T. baccata, which does not reach further east than Northern Iran. Two other species, T. chinensis and T. mairei, were included in T. wallichiana as varieties in Flora of China 4 (1999), but on the IUCN Red List they are treated as distinct species. In Malesia, the species Taxus celebica and T. sumatrana, although considered distinct in recent treatments (Farjon 1998 [2001], several Floras, Spjut 2007) do not differ consistently in their morphological characters from T. wallichiana. Earlier botanists usually identified the specimens from the Philippines, Sumatera, and Sulawesi as that species. In some of these accounts, T. celebica and T. sumatrana are reported to extend from Malesia into Indochina and China, or even to Nepal, and there to occur alongside T. wallichiana. On the IUCN Red List these two species are currently considered synonymous with T. wallichiana, which therefore extends from Nepal to Sulawesi. Taxus yunnanensis W.C.Cheng and L.K.Fu is also considered to be synonymous with T. wallichiana. [2].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Taxus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 51 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

T. baccata (Common Yew) · T. baccata brevifolia (Pacific Yew) · T. baccata cuspidata (Japanese Yew) · T. baccata 'Amersfoort' (Amersfoort English Yew) · T. baccata 'Fastigiata' (English Yew) · T. baccata 'Jacksonii' (English Yew) · T. baccata 'Lutea' (English Yew) · T. baccata 'Repandens' (Repandens Spreading English Yew) · T. baccata 'Repandens Aurea' (Spreading English Yew) · T. baccata 'Standishii' (Standishii English Yew) · T. baccata 'Stricta' (Irish Yew) · T. baccata 'Watnong Gold' (English Yew) · T. brevifolia (Canadian Yew) · T. canadensis (Canada Yew) · T. cuspidata (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. forma latifolia (Pilg.) Fitsch. (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidatavar. densa (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata 'Aurea' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Densiformis' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Expansa' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Hunewellii' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Intermedia' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Nana Aurea' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Prostrata' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Sieboldii' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 'Stricta' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata 'Aurescens' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata 'Capitata' (Capitata Yew) · T. cuspidata 'Dwarf Bright Gold' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata 'Monloo' (Emerald Spreader Yew) · T. cuspidata 'Silver Queen' (Japanese Yew) · T. cuspidata 'Winter Jewel' (Cone Winter Jewel Japanese Yew) · T. floridana (Florida Yew) · T. jacksonii (English Yew) · T. nucifera (Japanese-Nutmeg) · T. wallichiana (Himalayan Yew) · T. x media'Flushing' (Anglo-Japanese Yew) · T. x media 'Beanpole' (Beanpole Hybrid Yew) · T. x media 'Bean Pole' (Anglojap Yew) · T. x media 'Brownii' (Anglojap Yew) · T. x media'Citation' (Citation Upright Yew) · T. x media 'Densiflora' (Anglojap Yew) · T. x media 'Densiformis' (Dense Spreading Yew) · T. x media 'Densiformis Select' (Select Dense Spreading Yew) · T. x media 'Green Mountain' (Green Mountain Yew) · T. x media 'Hicksii' (Hicks Yew) · T. x media 'Kelseyi' (Anglojap Yew) · T. x media 'Lc Bobbink' (Anglojap Yew) · T. x media 'Maureen' (Anglojap Yew) · T. x media 'Tauntonii' (Taunton`s Yew) · T. x media 'Viridis' (Columnar Yew)

More Info

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Further Reading

• An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1922-26. url p. 5.
• Aspects of nature, in different lands and different climates with scientific elucidations / by Alexander von Humboldt; translated by Mrs. Sabine. London: J. Murray: 1849. url p. 160.
• Botanical publications of E.D. Merrill. [New York, etc., 1899- url p. 5.
• Checklist of CITES Species CITES, WCMC url p. 292, p. 308, p. 68.
• Checklist of CITES Species and Annotated CITES Appendices and Reservations CITES Secretariat, UNEP-WCMC url p. 16, p. 32, p. 48.
• Checklist of CITES Species: a reference to the appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES url p. 298, p. 334.
• Conservation and sustainable management of trees, report of the third regional workshop, held at Army Hotel, Hanoi, Viet Nam, 18-21 August, 1997 WCMC url p. 13, p. 131.
• Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria CITES url p. 12, p. 3, p. 417, p. 440.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45 2003 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 35, p. 421, p. 469, p. 583.
• Flora Malesiana. general editor, C.G.G.J. van Steenis. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff, 1950- url p. 349.
• Narrative and itinerary. 33 1951 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1951. url p. 30.
• Nature Reserves of the Himalaya and the Mountains of Central Asia IUCN url p. 238, p. 470.
• Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 7 1997 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 263.
• Records of the Indian Museum. Calcutta: Pub. by order of the trustees of the Indian Museum, . 1907-1962. url p. 448.
• Report of the proceedings of the. .. Entomological meeting Calcutta;Superintendent government printing, India, 1917-24. url p. 355.
• Spixiana. 2 1979 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url p. 10, fig. 3, p. 8.
• Technical series. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1895-1915. url p. 91.
• The National Collection of Coccidae / by C.L. Marlatt. Washington: G.P.O., 1908. url p. 91.
• The Philippine journal of science. 6 1911 Manila. url p. 149, p. 166.
• Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chu Cheng-de. 1978. Taxaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 437-467.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Conifer Database 2006.
• Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
• Conifer Specialist Group 2000. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed June 13, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. 2011. Taxus wallichiana. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 30, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1584266
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-4296
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14705752
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263869-1
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 263869-1
• IUCN ID: 245462
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 606088

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Taxaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 89. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. 2011. Taxus wallichiana. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.