Monochoria vaginalis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Pontederiaceae

Herbs annual or perennial , aquatic , floating or rooting in substrate. Roots fibrous . Vegetative stems short or creeping , thick. Leaves rosulate or distributed along stem, distichous; petiole mostly distinct , sometimes inflated ; leaf sheath usually present; leaf blade emersed or submersed , broadly ovate , lanceolate, or broadly linear , sometimes completely reduced, stomata paracytic . Flowering stems erect , solid, terminating in a leaf, spathe , and inflorescence. Inflorescences paniculate , racemose, spicate , umbellate , or 1-flowered, subtended by a spathelike or tubular leaf sheath; bracts minute or absent. Flowers bisexual , mostly actinomorphic , sometimes zygomorphic. Perianth segments 6, in 2 whorls, petaloid , free or basally connate into a tube . Stamens usually 6 in 2 whorls, rarely 3 or 1, inserted on perianth, often unequal or dissimilar; filaments slender, free; anthers 2-loculed, introrse , dehiscing by longitudinal slits or rarely by pores ; pollen grains 2- or 3-nucleate, colpi 1 or 2(or 3), distal or subequatorial. Ovary superior, 3-loculed and placentation axile or 1-loculed and placentation parietal; ovules numerous per locule or 1 and pendulous, anatropous . Style 1; stigma capitate or minutely 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-valved capsule or indehiscent. Seeds small, longitudinally ribbed or smooth ; endosperm copious , mealy ; embryo central in seed, straight, terete .

Six genera and ca. 40 species: widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; two genera (one introduced ) and five species (one introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Monochoria

Herbs, annual or facultatively perennial , rooting in mud . Vegetative stems submersed with elongate internodes, or emersed and short. Flowering stems submersed and extending to water surface, or emersed. Sessile leaves forming basal rosette. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; blade cordate to hastate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences umbellate or paniculate , up to 30-flowered, elongating in 1-several days; spathes folded, sometimes with ovate to caudate extension . Flowers: open 1 day only; perianth with tepals connate basally, blue or white, limb lobes distinct , narrowly ovate to lanceolate, glabrous , apex acute; stamens 6, 1 with anther 2 times larger than others; filaments winged , glabrous; anthers yellow or blue, ovoid ; ovary incompletely 3-locular; ovules many; style 1. Fruits capsular , ovoid. Seeds 10-200, ovoid, testa with longitudinal wings .

Species ca. 4: introduced ; Africa, Asia, Australia. This is a poorly understood genus in need of detailed work.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Rice fields , ephemeral ponds ; 0--200 m ; introduced ; Calif.; Asia (India, China, Japan, and Malayan Islands)[3].

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 156 meters (511 feet).[4]

Ecology: An annual or pseudo-annual in flooded rice fields , but may grow as a perennial in constantly flooded areas. Also found in ditches, ponds , and swamps .[5].

List of Habitats :

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps, Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     5.8     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     15     Artificial/Aquatic & Marine   
  
•     15.7     Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels )   
  
•     15.8     Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land   
  
•     15.9     Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches   
[more info]

Biology

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Monochoria vaginalis var. pauciflora (Blume) Merr. • Pontederia vaginalis • Pontederia vaginalis Burm. F. • Pontederia vaginalis Burm.f.

Notes

Publishing author : C.Presl Publication : Reliq. Haenk. i. 128, in obs.



[5].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Monochoria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 3 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

M. hastata (Arrowleaf False Pickerelweed) · M. vaginalis (Cordate Monochoria) · M. vaginalis var. angustifolia (Oval-Leaf Monochoria)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands / by Elmer D. Merrill. Manila: Bureau of Public Print., 1903. url p. 41, p. 42, p. 66.
• A flora of Manila, by E. D. Merrill. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1912. url p. 141.
• A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon: containing descriptions of all the species of flowering plants indigenous to the island, and notes on their history, distribution, and uses: with an atlas of plates illustrating some of the more inte by Henry Trimen. London: Dulau, 1893-1931. url p. 295, p. 430.
• A manual of Indian botany. London, Blackie & Son Ltd., 1920. url .
• A manual of the Nlagiri district in the Madras Presidency. Compiled and edited by H. B. Grigg. Madras, Printed by E. Keys at the Government Press, 1880. url p. 122.
• A naturalist in Western China: with vasculum, camera, and gun, being some account of eleven year's travel, exploration, and observation in the more remote parts of the flowery kingdom; with an introduction by Charles Sprague Sargent. London, Methuen[1913] url p. 21, p. 220.
• A naturalist in western China, with vasculum, camera, and gun; being some account of eleven years' travel, exploration, and observation in the more remote parts of the Flowery kingdom, by Ernest Henry Wilson...with an introduction by Charles Sprague Sargent...With one hundred and one full-page illustrations and a map. London, Methuen & co., ltd.[1913] url p. 21, p. 220.
• A naturalist's wanderings in the Eastern archipelago; a narrative of travel and exploration from 1878 to 1883, New York, Harper, 1885. url .
• A systematic catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns indigenous to or growing wild in Ceylon. Colombo: G. J. A. Skeen, 1885. url .
• An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants, Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1922-26. url p. 200, p. 201.
• An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1950. url p. 251, p. 263.
• Botanical publications of E.D. Merrill. [New York, etc., 1899- url p. 111, p. 200, p. 201.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1912 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 413.
• Burma, its people and productions; or, Notes on the fauna, flora, and minerals of Tenasserim, Pegu, and Burma. Hertford: S. Austin, 1882-1883. url p. 711.
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• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 443, p. 79.
• Catalogue of the African plants London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1896-1901. url .
• Catalogue of the African plants collected by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853-61. .. London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1896-1901. url p. 67.
• Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine Archipelago, Manila, Bureau of printing, 1910. url p. 135, p. 545.
• Chinese materia medica. extensively revised from F. Porter Smith's work by G. A. Stuart. Shanghai?: Presbyterian Mission Press?, 1911? url p. 266.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45 2003 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 116, p. 401, p. 415, p. 554.
• Contributions to the flora of Siam [Aberdeen]Printed for the University1912- url p. 17.
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• Emergency food plants and poisonous plants of the islands of the Pacific / [E.D. Merrill] Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1943. url , p. 142, p. 145, p. 59.
• Flora Hongkongensis; a description of the flowering plants and ferns of the island of Hongkong. LondonL. Reeve1861 url p. 374.
• Flora Malesiana. general editor, C.G.G.J. van Steenis. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff, 1950- url p. 256, p. 258, p. 598.
• Flora Vitiensis nova: a new Flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only) / Albert C. Smith. Lawaii, Hawaii: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, 1979- url p. 174.
• Flora hongkongensis: a description of the flowering plants and ferns of the island of Hongkong. London, L. Reeve, 1861. url , .
• Flora of Japan: in English: combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957); edited by Frederick G. Meyer and Egbert H. Walker. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965. url p. 272.
• Flora of the upper Gangetic plain, and of the adjacent Siwalik and sub-Himalayan tracts, by J. F. Duthie. Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, 1903. url p. 269, p. 270.
• Flora of tropical Africa. By Daniel Oliver. .. assisted by other botanists. London, L. Reeve, 1868-1902. url p. 3.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 322.
• General index to the flora of Formosa as recorded in all literature up to the publication of Icones plantarum Formosanarum VI = Taiwan shokubutsu somokuroku / [B. Hayata] [Taihoku]: Taiwan Sotokufu Minseibu Shokusankyoku, 1917. url p. 86.
• Handbook of flower pollination based upon Hermann Mller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects'; tr. by J.R. Ainsworth Davis. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906. url p. 284.
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• Hooker, J. D. The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843: under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross /by Joseph Dalton Hooker. 3 1860 London: Reeve Brothers, 1844-60. url p. xlvii.
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• Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] url p. 506.
• Materials for a flora of the Malayan peninsula, by H. N. Ridley. Singapore: Printed at the Methodist publishing house, 1907. url p. 39.
• Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society. Manchester: The Society, 1888-1980. url .
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 9 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Lansdown, R. 2011. Monochoria vaginalis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 02February2012.
• "Monochoria vaginalis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 38, 39. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
• Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Korean Aquatic Plant Resources and Information Bank: Plant Systematics Laboratory, Ajou University, Korea
• Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales: Plants of Papua New Guinea
• National Institute of Genetics, ROIS: Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
• National Science Museum of Korea: National Science Museum of Korea Plant
• Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility: Magnoliophyta
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-254566
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:133525-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 316385
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 42628
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 133525-3
• IUCN ID: 224206
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMPON04010
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: POVA8
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13827

Footnotes

1. Guofang Wu & Charles N. Horn "Pontederiaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 40. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Monochoria". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 37, 38. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Monochoria vaginalis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 38, 39. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Standard Deviation = 1,055.260 based on 45 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
5. Lansdown, R. 2011. Monochoria vaginalis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.