Juniperus horizontalis (Creeping Cedar)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Creeping Cedar, American Savin, Blue Rug Juniper, Carpet Juniper, Creeping Juniper, Creeping Savin Juniper, Creeping-Cedar, Shrubby Red-Cedar, Waukegan Juniper

Common Names in French:

Savinier, Sevigné

Description

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Family Cupressaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , monoecious or dioecious. Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, scalelike and then often dimorphic with flattened facial leaves and keeled lateral leaves, or needlelike particularly in juvenile plants , often with an abaxial resin gland . Pollen cones terminal or axillary , solitary, maturing and shed annually; microsporophylls 6-16, decussate or whorled , each bearing (2 or) 3-6(-9) pollen sacs ; pollen wingless. Seed cones usually terminal, solitary, globose , ovoid , or oblong , dehiscent or indehiscent when mature in 1st or 2nd(or 3rd) year; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts almost completely enveloped by cone scales, free only at apex; ovules 1-numerous per bract axil, erect ; cone scales of mature cones 3-16, flat or peltate, woody, leathery, or succulent, 1-20-seeded. Seeds winged or not; wings derived from seed coat . Cotyledons usually 2, rarely 3-6. Germination epigeal.

Nineteen genera and ca. 125 species: worldwide; eight genera (one introduced ) and 46 species (16 endemic, 13 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Juniperus

Shrubs or trees evergreen . Branchlets terete , 3--6 angled , variously oriented, but not in flattened sprays . Leaves opposite in 4 ranks or in whorls of 3. Adult leaves closely appressed to divergent, scalelike to subulate , free portion to ca. 10 mm (to ca. 15 mm in Juniperus communis ) ; abaxial gland visible or not, elongate to hemispheric ( J. ashei ), sometimes exuding white crystalline deposit. Pollen cones with 3--7 pairs or trios of sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--8 pollen sacs . Seed cones maturing in 1 or 2 years, globose to ovoid and berrylike, 3--20 mm, remaining closed , usually glaucous; scales persistent , 1--3 pairs, peltate, tightly coalesced , thick and fleshy or fibrous to obscurely woody. Seeds 1--3 per scale, round to faceted , wingless; cotyledons 2--6. x = 11.

Species ca. 60: primarily Northern Hemisphere, 1 in e Africa.

Juniperus is the only dioecious (sometimes monoecious) genus of Cupressaceae in the flora . Cones, generally terminal , are axillary in J. communis.

Numerous cultivars of Juniperus species are widely used for landscaping. Mutants , or "sports," affecting plant habit and foliage are present in all species and are likely related to single-gene mutations . Many have been given formal names or incorrectly ascribed to hybridization. Gymnocarpy (bare seeds protruding from the cone), caused by insect larvae (T. A. Zanoni 1978), is occasionally found in most junipers, particularly in the southwestern United States. Specimens with such aberrations may be almost impossible to identify without chemical data.[2]

Physical Description

Species Juniperus horizontalis

Shrubs dioecious, prostrate to decumbent ; crown depressed . Bark brown, exfoliating in thin strips, that of small branchlets (5--10 mm diam.) smooth , that of larger branchlets exfoliating in wide strips or plates . Branches creeping ; branchlets erect , 3--4-sided in cross section , ca. 2/3 or less as wide as length of scalelike leaves. Leaves green but turning reddish purple in winter, abaxial gland elliptic , conspicuous , exudate absent, margins entire (at 20´ and 40´) ; whip leaves 4--8 mm, not glaucous adaxially; scalelike leaves 1.5--2 mm, mostly overlapping to 1/3 their length, apex rounded or obtuse to acute and apiculate , spreading . Seed cones mostly maturing in 2 years, of 2 distinct sizes, generally with curved peduncles, globose to ovoid , 5--7 mm, blue-black to brownish blue when mature , lightly glaucous, soft and resinous , with 1--2(--3) seeds. Seeds 4--5 mm. 2 n = 22. [source]

Juniperus horizontalis, a prostrate species, hybridizes with the trees J. virginiana and J. scopulorum (R. P. Adams 1983; N. C. Fassett 1945; M. Palma-Otal et al. 1983) and is closely related to both. The hybrid between J. horizontalis and J. scopulorum has been named J. fassettii Boivin. [source]

ID Features: Two types of leaves present. Purple winter color. Needles pointed. Loose and floppy branches. Blue-green summer color. Spreading growth habit.

Habit: A dense, evergreen shrub . Branches are very long and flexible , and form large mats.

Flowers: Dioecious. No ornamental value.

Seeds: Fruit: 2 to 3-seeded berry-like cone. Found on recurved stalks . 0.25" to 0.33" in diameter. Blue in color.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Glaucous needles . Two kinds of needles: awl-shaped and scale-like. Scales are closely pressed to stem and found in a four rank pattern . Awls are found in opposite pairs. Needle tip sharply pointed . Green to blue-green. • Fall foliage: Evergreen , no fall color. Needles turn somewhat purple in cold months.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Moderate. • Size: 1' to 2' tall and 4' to 8' wide.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Groundcover. Erosion control. Planters. Mass plantings . • Liabilities: Juniper blight and spider mites do cause some problems.

Habitat

Sand dunes, sandy and gravelly soils, prairies, slopes , rock outcrops, and stream banks; 0--1000 m. [source]

Zone 4. Often found on gravely slopes and rocky seaside locations.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,091 meters (0 to 13,422 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Easily transplanted. Adaptable to most conditions. Full sun . PH adaptable. Salt tolerant .

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Burnett
        Order: Cupressales ()
        Family: Cupressaceae () - Richard ex Bartling, 1830, nom. cons. - Cypress Family
        Genus: Juniperus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Juniper, cedar, redcedar, cedro, sabino [Latin juniperus, name for juniper]
        Specific epithet: horizontalis - Moench
        Botanical name: - Juniperus horizontalis Moench

Synonyms

Juniperus horizontalis hamptonensis Silba • Juniperus horizontalis neopangaea Silba • Juniperus hudsonica Forbes • Juniperus prostrata Pers. • Juniperus repens Nutt. • Juniperus sabina Michx. • Juniperus sabina var. humilis Hook. • Juniperus sabina var. procumbens Pursh • Juniperus virginiana var. prostrata (Pers.) Torr. • Sabina horizontalis (Moench) Rydb. • Sabina prostrata (Pers.) Antoine

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Conservation status: LC, Habit: Dwarf Shrub

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Juniperus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 184 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.
Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Juniperus horizontalis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 19, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 12 providers.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
"Juniperus horizontalis". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU
Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2664495
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-2064
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14706071
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262244-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 20836
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 194846
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 132496-2
IUCN ID: 217122
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGCUP05070
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SAPR10
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 65

Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon "Cupressaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Robert P. Adams "Juniperus". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 677.880 meters (2,224.016 feet), Standard Deviation = 627.190 based on 143 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Juniperus horizontalis

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cupressaceae

Genus Juniperus

Physical Description

Species Juniperus horizontalis

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juniperus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes