Juniperus chinensis (Blue Pfitzer Juniper)

Overview

Chinese juniper. <em>Juniperus chinensis</em> tobozbogyó'Keteleri' ;

This plant is clothed with soft, silvery-blue foliage on a plant with the same general habit as 'Pfitzeriana'. It turns light purplish-blue in winter.

This is a compact dwarf with graceful, dense growing branches. It reaches about 3' tall and 4' to 6' wide. The foliage is gray-green with a greater percentage of awl-shaped leaves.

A spreading-broad plant similar to 'Pfitzeriana', this selection does not grow quite as large. In addition, the plant is notable for its golden-yellow new foliage in the summer that turns lighter yellow-green in winter.

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Yuan Bai

Common Names in English:

Blue Pfitzer Juniper, Chinese Juniper, Gold Tip Pfitzeriana Juniper, Pfitzeriana Blue Juniper, Tapestry Garden

Common Names in Japanese:

Ibuki, Ibuki-Byakushin, Kamakura-Byakushin

Common Names in Korean:

Kong Nam Tson, Kong Nam Tsong

Description

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Family Cupressaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , monoecious or dioecious. Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, scalelike and then often dimorphic with flattened facial leaves and keeled lateral leaves, or needlelike particularly in juvenile plants , often with an abaxial resin gland . Pollen cones terminal or axillary , solitary, maturing and shed annually; microsporophylls 6-16, decussate or whorled , each bearing (2 or) 3-6(-9) pollen sacs ; pollen wingless. Seed cones usually terminal, solitary, globose , ovoid , or oblong , dehiscent or indehiscent when mature in 1st or 2nd(or 3rd) year; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts almost completely enveloped by cone scales, free only at apex; ovules 1-numerous per bract axil, erect ; cone scales of mature cones 3-16, flat or peltate, woody, leathery, or succulent, 1-20-seeded. Seeds winged or not; wings derived from seed coat . Cotyledons usually 2, rarely 3-6. Germination epigeal.

Nineteen genera and ca. 125 species: worldwide; eight genera (one introduced ) and 46 species (16 endemic, 13 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Juniperus

Shrubs or trees evergreen . Branchlets terete , 3--6 angled , variously oriented, but not in flattened sprays . Leaves opposite in 4 ranks or in whorls of 3. Adult leaves closely appressed to divergent, scalelike to subulate , free portion to ca. 10 mm (to ca. 15 mm in Juniperus communis ) ; abaxial gland visible or not, elongate to hemispheric ( J. ashei ), sometimes exuding white crystalline deposit. Pollen cones with 3--7 pairs or trios of sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--8 pollen sacs . Seed cones maturing in 1 or 2 years, globose to ovoid and berrylike, 3--20 mm, remaining closed , usually glaucous; scales persistent , 1--3 pairs, peltate, tightly coalesced , thick and fleshy or fibrous to obscurely woody. Seeds 1--3 per scale, round to faceted , wingless; cotyledons 2--6. x = 11.

Species ca. 60: primarily Northern Hemisphere, 1 in e Africa.

Juniperus is the only dioecious (sometimes monoecious) genus of Cupressaceae in the flora . Cones, generally terminal , are axillary in J. communis.

Numerous cultivars of Juniperus species are widely used for landscaping. Mutants , or "sports," affecting plant habit and foliage are present in all species and are likely related to single-gene mutations . Many have been given formal names or incorrectly ascribed to hybridization. Gymnocarpy (bare seeds protruding from the cone), caused by insect larvae (T. A. Zanoni 1978), is occasionally found in most junipers, particularly in the southwestern United States. Specimens with such aberrations may be almost impossible to identify without chemical data.[2]

Physical Description

Species Juniperus chinensis

Shrubs or trees to 25 m , dioecious, rarely monoecious; bark grayish brown; crown of trees pyramidal to open, broad and irregular; branches spreading ; branchlets straight or slightly curved , terete or 4-angled, 1-1.2 mm in diam. Leaves both scalelike and needlelike; needlelike leaves present on both young and adult plants , decussate or in whorls of 3, loosely arranged, ascending , nearly lanceolate, (3-) 6-12 mm, with 2 white stomatal bands adaxially; scalelike leaves present on adult plants, decussate, closely appressed , 1.5-3 mm, abaxial gland near center, elliptic , slightly concave . Pollen cones yellow, ellipsoid , 4-6 × 2-3 mm; microsporophylls 14-18, each with 3 or 4 pollen sacs . Seed cones brown when ripe , usually glaucous, subglobose, 4-9 mm in diam., (1or) 2- or 3(or 4) -seeded. Seeds ovoid , 3-6 × 2-5 mm, slightly flattened, ridged , with resin pits, apex blunt . [source]

ID Features: Juvenile awl-shaped needles. Green midrib on upper concave side. Most ID features vary with cultivars.

Habit: Spreading evergreen that is relatively dense and broad with gray-green foliage . • Growth Form: Multiple Stem • Shape and Orientation: Semi-Erect

Flowers: Dioecious. Flowers in March. Flowers yellow to orange-brown. No ornamental value. Occasionally a specimen will have both female and male flowers. • Bloom Period: n/a • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none

Seeds: Seed Spread Rate: None • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit: Globose , berry-like cones. 0.33" to 0.5" in diameter. Pale blue when immature turning to a dark brown. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Blue • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Two kinds: adult or juvenile (scale and awl ). Adult: mature branches covered with 4 ranks of leaves in opposite pairs. closely pressed, very short and blunt , needle is convex , margin marked with glandular depression . Juvenile needles are awl shaped, 0.33" long, arranged in whorls of 3 or. opposite pairs, pointed , with two glaucous bands on upper-side of needle,. convex. Needle color is green to either blue-green or gray-green. The foliage is gray-green with a greater percentage of awl-shaped leaves. • Foliage Color: Green • Summer foliage: Soft, silvery-blue foliage . Two kinds: adult or juvenile (scale and awl ). Adult: mature branches covered with 4 ranks of leaves in opposite pairs. closely pressed, very short and blunt , needle is convex , margin marked with. glandular depression . Juvenile needles are awl shaped, 0.33" long, arranged in whorls of 3 or. opposite pairs, pointed , with two glaucous bands on upper-side of needle,. convex. Needle color is green to either blue-green or gray-green. • Fall foliage: Evergreen , no fall color. Turns light purplish-blue in winter. • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Medium • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate to fast. • Mature Height (feet): 4.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 4 • Size: 5' tall, 6' wide. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Wide range of landscape use dependent on cultivar selection. Groundcover. Hedges . Screens . Specimen. Mass plantings . • Liabilities: Susceptible to Kabatina and Phomopsis blights which cause. stem die-back. Susceptibility is cultivar dependent .

Habitat

Mountains; 1400-2300 m. [3].

Zone 4, depends on cultivar.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,212 meters (0 to 13,819 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Spring • Fruit/Seed Period End: Summer • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Easily transplanted. Prefers moist, well-drained soil, but very adaptable. Full sun . PH adaptable. Once established , little maintence required.

Soil: Needs good drainage . • Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Medium • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 24 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -13 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 140 • Heat Zones: High: Low: (map) • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Burnett
        Order: Cupressales ()
        Family: Cupressaceae () - Richard ex Bartling, 1830, nom. cons. - Cypress Family
        Subfamily: Apioideae ()
        Tribe: Tordylieae ()
        Genus: Juniperus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Juniper, cedar, redcedar, cedro, sabino [Latin juniperus, name for juniper]
        Specific epithet: chinensis - L.
        Form: l literature up to the publication of Icones
        Botanical name: - Juniperus chinensis L.

Synonyms

Sabina chinensis (L.) Antoine

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Juniperus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 184 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed May 2, 2012.
Conifer Database 2006.
Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Juniperus chinensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed June 09, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
"Juniperus chinensis". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 74. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

Australian National Herbarium
, Australian National Herbarium
Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
Taiwan Biodiversity Information Facility, Magnoliophyta
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2669966
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-2014
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14378122
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262178-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 300290
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 505930
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 262176-1
IUCN ID: 217108
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: JUCH4
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 44912

Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon "Cupressaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Robert P. Adams "Juniperus". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Juniperus chinensis". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 74. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 436.770 meters (1,432.972 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,033.510 based on 43 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Juniperus chinensis

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cupressaceae

Genus Juniperus

Physical Description

Species Juniperus chinensis

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juniperus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes