Juncus inflexus

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Juncaceae

Herbs, very rarely shrublike, perennial or annual , tufted or with erect or creeping rhizome. Stems erect, terete or laterally flattened. Leaves occasionally reduced to a bladeless or nearly bladeless sheath at base of stem (cataphyll) ; leaf sheath often shortly prolonged on both sides into a pair of auricles at leaf blade juncture; leaf blade of basal and cauline leaves usually linear or filiform , grasslike and flat, or terete, glabrous except for pilose margin on some grasslike blades . Inflorescence a panicle, corymb, or 1-flowered. Flowers bisexual or unisexual and plants dioecious, mostly wind pollinated, regular, usually small, usually 1- or 2-bracteolate at base. Perianth segments (3 or) 6, in (1 or) 2 whorls, free , usually greenish to brownish or blackish, rarely white or yellowish, glumelike. Stamens 3 or 6, if 6 then 3 opposite outer perianth segments; filaments thin; anthers basifixed , 2-loculed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits; pollen grains in tetrads . Ovary superior, 1-loculed, or divided by 3 septa and 3-loculed, or incompletely septate ; ovules 3 and inserted at base of ovary, or numerous and biseriate on 3 parietal placentas. Stigmas 3, papillose . Fruit a capsule, 1--3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds globose , ovoid , or fusiform , small, sometimes appendaged; appendage caudate ; embryo straight, minute, enclosed by fleshy endosperm.

About eight genera and ca. 400 species: widely distributed in temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres, in tropical regions restricted to high elevations ; two genera and 92 species (33 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Juncus

Herbs, perennial or rarely annual , rhizomatous or cespitose. Culms round or flattened in cross section . Cataphylls often present at culm base. Leaves: sheaths open; blade flat, channeled , ensiform or terete , sometimes septate , margins involute . Inflorescences terminal or pseudoaxillary, monochasia or dichasia, usually with monochasial branches, cymes or 1--many heads in racemes or panicles; bracteoles 2 or absent. Flowers: tepals (4--) 6 in 2 whorls; stamens (2--) 3--6. Capsules 1-locular or 3-locular, septicidal . Seeds many, ellipsoid to ovoid , sometimes tailed .

Species ca. 300: worldwide except Antarctica.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Wet soils along streams , ditches, and on wet, sandy and peaty hillsides; introduced [3].

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 96 meters (314 feet).[4]

Ecology: It occurs in ponds , ditches, wet meadows, marshes and at the edges of permanent freshwater bodies across a large range of altitudes . [5].

List of Habitats :

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.2     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.6     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     5.8     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
[more info]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Juncus acutissimus (Buchenau) Adamson • Juncus depauperatus • Juncus glaucescens Laharpe • Juncus glaucus • Juncus glaucus Ehrhart Ex Sibthorp • Juncus glaucus inflexus (L.) Spenn. • Juncus glaucus var. acutissimus Buchenau • Juncus glaucus var. inflexus (L.) Spenn. • Juncus inflexus austrooccidentalis K. F. Wu • Juncus pallidus Hoppe • Juncus tenax Poir. • Juncus tenax var. glaucus (Sibth.) Poir.

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 1: 326 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Juncus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 195 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

J. acuminatus (Sharp-Fruit Rush) · J. acutiflorus (Sharp-Flower Rush) · J. acutiflorus acutiflorus (Sharpflower Rush) · J. acutus (Sharp Rush) · J. acutus acutus (Spiny Rush) · J. acutus f. xanthosus (Spiny-Rush) · J. acutus leopoldii (Spiny Rush) · J. aemulans (Common Rush) · J. alpiniformis (Alpine Rush) · J. alpinoarticulatus (Northern Green Rush) · J. alpinoarticulatus nodulosus (Alpine Rush) · J. alpinoarticulatus var. macrocephalus (Northern Green Rush) · J. ambiguus (Rush) · J. ambiguus var. ossoraicus (Rush) · J. anthelatus (Greater Poverty Rush) · J. arcticus (Arctic Rush) · J. arcticus arcticus (Arctic Rush) · J. arcticus littoralis (Arctic Rush) · J. articulatus (Jointed Rush) · J. articulatus articulatus (Jointleaf Rush) · J. articulatus f. natans (Jointed Rush) · J. articulatus f. pallidus (Jointed Rush) · J. articulatus f. stolonifer (Jointed Rush) · J. articulatus f. zapalowiczii (Jointed Rush) · J. articulatus subsp. articulatus (Jointed Rush) · J. australis (Austral Rush) · J. balticus (Baltic Rush) · J. balticus Willd. var. melanogenus Fern. & Wieg. (Baltic Rush) · J. balticus Willd. var. stenocarpus Buch. & Fern. (Baltic Rush) · J. balticus Willd. var. vallicola Rydb. (Valley Rush) · J. biglumis (Two-Flowered Rush) · J. blue glauca (Blue Rush) · J. bolanderi (Bolander's Rush) · J. brachycarpus (Short-Fruit Rush) · J. brachycephalus (Small-Head Rush) · J. brachyphyllus (Short-Leaf Rush) · J. brevicaudatus (Canadian Rush) · J. breweri (Brewer's Rush) · J. bryoides (Moss Rush) · J. bufonius (Toad Rush) · J. bufonius L. var. congestus Wahlenb. (Toad Rush) · J. bufonius L. var. occidentalis F.J.Herm. (Toad Rush) · J. bufonius var. cogdonii (Toad Rush) · J. bufonius var. halophilus (Toad Rush) · J. bulbosus (Bulbous Rush) · J. caesariensis (New Jersey Rush) · J. canadensis (Canada Rush) · J. capillaris (Hairy-Stem Rush) · J. capitatus (Capitate Rush) · J. castaneus castaneus (Chestnut Rush) · J. castaneus castaneus var. castaneus (Chestnut Rush) · J. castaneus leucochlamys (Chestnut Rush) · J. chlorocephalus (Green-Headed Rush) · J. compressus (Flattened Rush) · J. confusus (Colorado Rush) · J. conglomeratus (Common Rush) · J. cooperi (Cooper Rush) · J. coriaceus (Leathery Rush) · J. covillei (Coville Rush) · J. covillei Piper var. covillei Piper (Coville's Rush) · J. covillei Piper var. obtusatus C.L.Hitchc. (Coville's Rush) · J. cyperoides (Forbestown Rush) · J. debilis (Weak Rush) · J. decipiens 'Curly Wurly' (Corkscrew Rush) · J. dichotomus (Forked Rush) · J. diffusissimus (Diffuse Rush) · J. drummondii (Drummond's Rush) · J. drummondii var. subtriflorus (E.Mey.) C.L.Hitchc. (Threeflower Rush) · J. dubius (Mariposa Rush) · J. dudleyi (Dudley's Rush) · J. effusus (Common Rush) · J. effusus effusus var. effusus (Common Rush) · J. effusus gracilis (Lamp Rush) · J. effusus L. var. decipiens (Lamp Rush) · J. effusus pacificus var. pacificus (Pacific Rush) · J. effusus var. brunneus Engelm. (Soft Rush) · J. effusus var. exiguus Fern. & Wieg. (Lamp Rush) · J. effusus var. Spiralis (Corkscrew Rush) · J. effusus var. Spiralis 'Variegata' (Variegated Spiral Soft Rush) · J. effusus 'Frenzy' (Corkscrew Rush) · J. effusus 'Glaucus' (Blue Rush) · J. effusus 'Goldstrike' (Goldstrike Cork Screw Rush) · J. effusus 'Lemon Twist' (Striped Spiral Rush) · J. effusus 'Quarter Creek' (Soft Rush) · J. effusus 'Quartz Creek' (Soft Rush) · J. effusus 'Squiggly Wiggly' (Corkscrew Rush) · J. effusus 'Unicorn' (Corkscrew Rush) · J. elliottii (Bog Rush) · J. ensifolius (Swordleaf Rush) · J. ensifolius var. brunnescens (Swordleaf Rush) · J. falcatus (Falcate Rush) · J. filiformis (Thread Rush) · J. filipendulus (Plains Rush) · J. foliosus (Toad Rush) · J. fulvescens (Rush) · J. georgianus (Georgia Rush) · J. gerardii (Black-Grass Rush) · J. gerardii gerardii (Saltmeadow Rush) · J. gerardii Loisel. var. pedicellatus Fern. (Saltmeadow Rush) · J. gracilescens (Rush)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c.. .. / with an introduction to botany. .. By Samuel Frederick Gray. .. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1821. url p. 161.
• A new British flora: British wild flowers in their natural haunts / described by A. R. Horwood; with sixty-four plates in colour representing 350 different plants, from drawings by J. N. Fitch and many illustrations from photographs. London: Gresham, 1919. url p. 222.
• A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 164.
• Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York state, by Homer D. House. Albany, The University of the state of New York, 1924. url p. 208.
• British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url p. 136.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 209.
• Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium. 24 2005 Ann Arbor: University Herbarium, University of Michigan, 1939- url p. 216.
• Flora Malesiana. general editor, C.G.G.J. van Steenis. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff, 1950- url p. 211, p. 566.
• Flora of County Kerry: including the flowering plants, ferns, Characeae, &c. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, 1916. url .
• Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url p. 422.
• Florigraphia Britannica; or, Engravings and descriptions of the flowering plants and ferns of Britain. London, Groombridge, 1857. url p. 495.
• Florigraphia britannica, or, Engravings and descriptions of the flowering plants and ferns of Britain / by Richard Deakin. London: Groombridge, 1857. url p. 495.
• Hortus suburbanus Calcuttensis; A catalogue of the plants which have been cultivated in the Hon. East India Company's botanical garden, Calcutta, and in the Serampore botanical garden. By the late J. O. Voigt, printed under the superintendence of W. Griffith. Calcutta, Bishop's College Press, 1845. url p. 681.
• Illustrations of the British flora: a series of wood engravings, with dissections, of British plants. London, L. Reeve, 1919. url .
• Journal of botany, British and foreign. London: Robert Hardwicke, 1863-1942. url p. 258, p. 349.
• Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society. Manchester: The Society, 1888-1980. url p. 12.
• New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 11, p. 43.
• North Atlantic biota and their history; a symposium held at the University of Iceland, Reykjavk, July 1962, under the auspices of the University of Iceland and the Museum of Natural History. Editors: Askell Lve and Doris Lve. Sponsored Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press, 1963 url p. 212.
• Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 4 1907 Edinburgh: H. M. Stationery Off. url p. 137.
• Proceedings and transactions of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London: The Society. url p. 123.
• Report of the State Botanist. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1898-1925. url , .
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. url p. 38.
• The English flora. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, [1828-30] url p. 160, p. 160, p. 160.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 202, p. 205, p. 271.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 36 1903-05 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 164, p. 382.
• The naturalist. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1865- url p. 397.
• Vegetation of the Peak District / C. E. Moss. Cambridge: University Press, 1913. url p. 150.
• Vegetation of the Peak District. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1913. url p. 162, p. 186.
• Wu Kuo-fang. 1997. Juncaceae. In: Wu Kuo-fang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(3): 146--253.
• Engelmann, G. 1866--1868. Revision of the North American species of the genus Juncus, with a description of new or imperfectly known species. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 2(2, 3): 424--498.
• Hermann, F. J. 1975. Manual of the Rushes (Juncus spp.) of the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Basin. Fort Collins, Colo. [U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. , Gen. Techn. Rep. RM-18.]

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 31, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 25, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 13 providers.
• Gupta, A.K. 2011. Juncus inflexus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• IOPI Global Plant Checklist. Release date: August 1, 2007
• IOPI Global Plant Checklist 2005.
• IOPI-GPC
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• "Juncus inflexus". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 25, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: IOP-403
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:443065-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 402896
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 39279
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 443065-1
• IUCN ID: 217085
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMJUN011H0
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: JUIN
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 44868

Footnotes

1. Guofang Wu & Steven E. Clemants "Juncaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 44. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Ralph E. Brooks, Steven E. Clemants "Juncus". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Juncus inflexus". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Standard Deviation = 115.160 based on 10,910 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
5. Gupta, A.K. 2011. Juncus inflexus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.