Galanthus plicatus

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Amaryllidaceae

Herbs perennial , rarely shrubby or treelike, often with bulbs, corms, rhizomes, or tubers. Leaves basal or cauline, often narrow, margin entire or spiny . Inflorescence a terminal spike, umbel, raceme , panicle, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , actinomorphic or zygomorphic, usually subtended by 1 to several spathaceous involucres. Perianth segments 6, in 2 whorls, free or connate to form a short tube , with or without a corona . Stamens 6, inserted at perianth throat or at base of segments; filaments sometimes basally connate; anther dorsifixed or basifixed , mostly introrse . Ovary inferior, 3-loculed; ovules few to many per locule; placentation axile . Style slender; stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, usually loculicidal, sometimes dehiscing irregularly, rarely a berry. Seeds with endosperm.

More than 100 genera and 1200 species: tropical , subtropical , and temperate regions worldwide; ten genera and 34 species (14 endemic, four introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Galanthus

Herbs, perennial , scapose , from brown, tunicate , ovoid to globose bulbs; offset bulbs often present. Leaves 2(-3), basal, opposite, with sheathing blade , vernation flat and parallel, or convolute; nonsheathing blade erect to recurving at maturity, grayish green, linear-oblanceolate, glaucous; sheathing blade white, tubular , membranous, enclosing leaf bases and scape. Scape erect in flower, prostrate in fruit, green, solid. Inflorescences pendulous, 1-flowered, spathaceous ; spathe bracteate , membranous; bracts 2, connate , split on 1 side. Flowers nodding , fragrant; perianath 2.5 cm or shorter; tepals 6, distinct , unequal; outer tepals spreading , white, narrowly obovate to almost orbicular , larger than inner; inner tepals overlapping, appearing tubular, green-spotted at apex only or apex and base, straight to semiorbicular, apex notched ; stamens 6, inserted at bases of tepals, distinct; anthers basifixed , longer than filaments , bases lobed , apices tapered, dehiscense introrse , via terminal slits; ovary inferior, green, 3-locular, globose, septal nectaries present; style, white, unbranched, filiform ; stigma indistinct to minutely capitate; pedicel wiry, short, slender. Fruits capsular , green, globose, fleshy , dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 18-36, light brown, 3.5 mm, oblong to obtuse , elaiosomes fleshy. x = 12.

Species 14-17: introduced ; Europe, sw Asia (Asia Minor , Iranian Caucasus, and Caspian Sea regions) ; introduced and naturalized elsewhere.

A number of Galanthus species, especially G. nivalis, are commonly cultivated for their late- winter and early-spring flowers, which emerge through the snow. Species of Galanthus are sometimes confused with Leucojum, snowflakes, a spring-flowering relative. The plants of Leucojum are usually taller, bear 2-3 flowers per stem, and their tepals are all equal.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 594 meters (0 to 1,949 feet).[3]

Ecology: Occurs in or at the margins of mixed deciduous forests (Fagus silvatica, Quercus sp. , Tilia argentea , T. platyphylla, Carpinus betulus, Sorbus tormentalis, Ulmus sp., etc. ) and coniferous forest (Juniperus altari, Abies sp.). Found on calcareous and acidic soils; often rich and leafy soils, sometimes sandy, but also occurring on heavier (clay ) soils. Often on sloping ground , and sometimes near streams and small rivers . It occurs from 80 to 1,350 m , but most frequently at 1,000 to 1,350 m. [4].

List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
[more info]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 3-6" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : Guss. Publication : Pl. Rar. 140

Galanthus plicatus is an easily identified snowdrop because the leaves are folded sharply downwards towards the underside of the leaf. When in bud the margins are folded flat against the lower surface of the leaf. There are two subspecies : ssp. plicatus and ssp. byzantinus. The former occurs throughout the natural range of the species, and has a single mark on each inner perianth segment; the latter is confined to the extreme part of northwest Turkey and has two marks on each inner perianth segment. This snowdrop is related to G. nivalis and G. reginae-olgae but is rarely confused with these species and is genetically distinct (Davis 1999, 2001; Lledo et al. 2004; Larsen et al. 2010). [4].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Galanthus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 35 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

G. byzantinus (Snowdrop) · G. corcyrensis (Snowdrop) · G. elewesii (Giant Snowdrop) · G. elwesii (Greater Snowdrop) · G. gracilis (Snowdrop) · G. ikariae (Snowdrop) · G. ikariae 'Lady Beatrix Stanley' (Snowdrop) · G. nivalis (Bucaneve) · G. nivalis f. pleniflorus (Common Snowdrop) · G. nivalis nivalis (Common Snowdrop) · G. nivalis 'Blewbury Tart' (Snowdrop) · G. nivalis 'Flore Pleno' (Double Common Snowdrop) · G. nivalis 'Lady Elphinstone' (Snowdrop) · G. nivalis 'Pewsey Vale' (Snowdrop) · G. nivalis 'Scharlockii Group' (Donkeys Ears Snowdrops) · G. nivalis 'Virescens' (Snowdrop) · G. nivalis 'Warei' (Snowdrop) · G. nivalis 'White Dream' (Snowdrop) · G. plicatus (Pleated Snowdrop) · G. plicatus 'Bill Clarke' (Pleated Snowdrop) · G. plicatus 'Colossus' (Pleated Snowdrop) · G. plicatus 'Sophie North' (Pleated Snowdrop) · G. plicatus 'Trym' (Pleated Snowdrop) · G. plicatus 'Wendy's Gold' (Wendy's Gold Pleated Snowdrop) · G. reginae-olgae (Snowdrop) · G. woronowii (Snowdrop) · G. 'Atkinsii' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Augustus' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Ketton' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Magnet' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Maidwell L' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Ophelia' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Sam Arnott' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Straffan' (Snowdrop) · G. 'Viridapice' (Snowdrop)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A dictionary of English names of plants applied in England and among English-speaking people to cultivated and wild plants, trees, and shrubs, by William Miller; in two parts, English-Latin and Latin-English. London, J. Murray, 1884. url p. 126.
• A first report on the relations between climates and crops. By Cleveland Abbe. Washington [D.C.]: Govt. Print. Off., 1905. url p. 194.
• A manual of scientific terms, pronouncing, etymological, and explanatory, chiefly comprising terms in botany, natural history, anatomy, medicine, and veterinary science, with an appendix of specific names. Designed for the use of by Rev. James Stormonth Edinburgh, Maclachlan and Stewart, 1885 url p. 172.
• A practical guide to garden plants, containing descriptions of the hardiest and most beautiful annuals and biennials, hardy herbaceous and bulbous perennials, hardy water and bog plants, flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs, conife London;Longmans, Green, 1901. url , p. 907.
• Alpine flowers for English gardens / by W. Robinson. London: Murray, 1879. url p. 408, p. 423, p. 425, p. 430, p. 431.
• An environmental profile of the Black Sea Coast WCMC url p. 23.
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• Book of garden plans, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page & company, 1916. url .
• Bulb propagation and trade study WWF url p. 81.
• Bulletin of miscellaneous information /Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1923 London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1900-1941. url p. 41.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 235.
• Checklist of CITES Species CITES, WCMC url p. 289, p. 290.
• Checklist of CITES Species: a reference to the appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES url p. 294, p. 303.
• Cryptogamic plants of the USSR. (Flora sporovykh rastenii SSSR) Translated from Russian. Jerusalem[Published for the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 19 - url p. 449.
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• English botany, or, coloured figures of British plants / edited by John T. Boswell Syme; the popular portion by Mrs. Lankester; the figures by J. Sowerby, J. de C. Sowerby, J.W. Salter, and John Edward Sowerby. London: G. Bell, 1873. url p. 167.
• English cyclopaedia, a new dictionary of universal knowledge, conducted by Charles Knight. London, Bradbury, 1854-61. url .
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• Flower gardening, New York, bMcBride, Nast & company, 1913. url .
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• Hand-list of herbaceous plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off. by Darling, 1902. url p. 493.
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• Henderson's Handbook of plants and general horticulture / By Peter Henderson. New York, P. Henderson & Co., 1910. url p. 416.
• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- url p. 778.
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• Lindley, J. Paxton's flower garden /by Professor Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton. 1 1853 London: Bradbury and Evans, [1850]-1853. url p. 192.
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• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url , , p. 1, p. 10, p. 10, p. 109, p. 112, p. 113, p. 116, p. 116, p. 124, p. 125, p. 127, p. 128, p. 132, p. 136, p. 137, p. 137, p. 142, p. 143, p. 143, p. 145, p. 154, p. 161, p. 162, p. 164, p. 166, p. 167, p. 171, p. 173, p. 174, p. 178, p. 181, p. 194, p. 194, p. 195, p. 203, p. 208, p. 208, p. 21, p. 210, p. 221, p. 222, p. 223, p. 233, p. 234, p. 250, p. 253, p. 256, p. 257, p. 260, p. 27, p. 272, p. 272, p. 274, p. 274, p. 277, p. 279, p. 310, p. 311, p. 313, p. 322, p. 324, p. 347, p. 362, p. 373, p. 378, p. 391, p. 394, p. 460, p. 468, p. 506, p. 506, p. 540, p. 567, p. 576, p. 584, p. 67, p. 89, p. 94, p. 95.
• The Gardener's magazine and register of rural & domestic improvement. London: Longman, Rees, Orome, Brown and Green, 1826-1844. url p. 408.
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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 11, 2012.
• Davis, A. 2011. Galanthus plicatus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal January 04, 2008:

• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1672378
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-307594
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:64505-1
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 64505-1
• IUCN ID: 210324
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 740832

Footnotes

1. Zhanhe Ji & Alan W. Meerow "Amaryllidaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 264. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Gerald B. Straley  & Frederick H. Utech "Galanthus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 280, 293. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 92.900 meters (304.790 feet), Standard Deviation = 88.600 based on 200 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
4. Davis, A. 2011. Galanthus plicatus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.