Cyperus esculentus (Chufa)

Overview

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Yellow nutsedge. <em>Cyperus esculentus</em>

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Arabic:

Assis, Habb El 'aziz

Common Names in Chinese:

You Sha Cao, You Sha Dou

Common Names in Danish:

Chufanød, Fladaks, Jordmandler

Common Names in Dutch:

Aardamandel, Tijgernoten

Common Names in English:

Chufa, Yellow Nutsedge, Chufa Flat-Sedge, Chufa Flatsedge, Earth Almond, Earth Nut, Earth-Almond, Ground Almond, Rushnut (Usa), Tiger Nut, Tigernut, Water-Grass, Water-Grass (Usa), Weedy Nutgrass Cyperus Esculentus, Weedy Nutsedge, Weedy Yellow Nutsedge, Yellow Nut Sedge, Yellow Nut-Grass, Yellow Nut-Grass (Usa), Yellow Nut-Sedge (Usa), Yellow Nutgrass, Zulu Nut

Common Names in Finnish:

Maakastanja

Common Names in French:

Amande de Terre, Choufa, Gland De Terre, Noix Tigrée, Souchet Comestible, Souchet Rampant, Souchet Tracant, Souchet-Sultan

Common Names in German:

Chufanuß, Eßbares Zypergras, Erdmandel, Erdmandelgras

Common Names in Italian:

Babagiggi, Cipero Dolce, Doldichini, Zigolo Dolce, Zizzola Terrestre

Common Names in Japanese:

Ki Hamasuge, Shokuyou Gayatsuri

Common Names in Nepalese:

Kashuur

Common Names in Portuguese:

Chufa, Junca, Juncinha, Junquinha Mansa, Tochufa

Common Names in Portuguese (Brazil):

Tiririca, Tiririca-Amarela, Tiririca-Mansa

Common Names in Russian:

čufa, чуфа

Common Names in Spanish:

Cebollín, Chufa, Juncia Avellanada, Tubérculo De Chufa

Common Names in Swedish:

Jordmandel, Mandelsäv

Common Names in Thai:

Haeo Chin, Haeo Thai (Central Thailand), Ma Niao (Northern Thailand)

Description

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Family Cyperaceae

Herbs, annual or perennial , cespitose or not, rhizomatous or not, stoloniferous or not. Roots fibrous , principally adventitious. Stems (culms ) usually trigonous , occasionally terete , rarely compressed , usually solid, rarely hollow or septate . Leaves basal and/or cauline, alternate, usually 3-ranked, rarely 2-ranked or multi-ranked, bases forming cylindric sheaths enclosing stem, margins usually fused; junction of sheaths and blades often with adaxial flaps of tissue or fringes of hair (ligules) ; blades frequently absent from some basal leaves , rarely from cauline leaves, when present divergent or ascending , flat, folded, plicate , rolled, or terete, linear , venation parallel. Primary inflorescences (spikelets ) a shortened axis; glumaceous bracts (scales ) 1-many, spirally arranged , sometimes 2-ranked, usually appressed or ascending; scales usually all fertile , each subtending a single flower, sometimes proximal and/or distal scales empty; lateral spikes often with basal, usually empty, usually 2-keeled scale (prophyll) ; occasionally prophyll subtending and enclosing rachilla, bearing 1 pistillate , sometimes (0-) 3 staminate flowers and empty scales (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia) . Secondary inflorescences panicles, often modified to corymb, pseudoumbel, cyme (anthela), raceme , spike, or capitulum (head ), rarely single spike, usually subtended by foliaceous or, less frequently, glumaceous bracts; secondary inflorescences sometimes simulating spikelets (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia) . Flowers hypogynous, bisexual in most genera, unisexual in Scleria, Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia; perianth absent or with (1-) 3-6(-30) bristles and/or scales, usually falling off with fruit; stamens usually (1-) 3, rarely more, usually distinct ; anthers basifixed ; pistils 1, 2-3(-4) -carpellate, fused, locule 1; style undivided or branches 2-3(-4) ; stigma sometimes papillate . Fruits achenes, usually trigonous or biconvex ; pericarps thin (except in Scleria) . Seeds 1; testa thin, free from pericarp; embryo basal; endosperm abundant. x = 5-ca. 100.

Genera ca. 100, species ca. 5000 (27 genera, 843 species in the flora ) : worldwide.

No consensus exists regarding the number of genera and the overall relationships of genera within Cyperaceae. The most recent account of the family (P. Goetghebeur 1998) recognized 104 genera distributed among 4 subfamilies and 14 tribes . That arrangement differs somewhat from that of J. Bruhl (1995) . With one minor exception the arrangement of the family here follows that of Goetghebeur.

The family is characterized by the occurrence of a number of unusual cytological features including: (1) chromosomes with diffuse centromeres , (2) post-reductional meiosis, and (3) pollen grains formed from tetrads in which 3 of the 4 microspores fail to develop. The first two features are found in at least some Juncaceae and are unique to the two families. Juncaceae also have pollen in tetrads, but in that family all four microspores produce pollen grains. Some species in some genera of Cyperaceae (particularly Eleocharis) possess chromosomes with localized centromeres (S. S. Bir et al. 1993) . The wide range of chromosome numbers found in Cyperaceae is largely because of agmatoploidy; polyploidy has been hypothesized for some genera, especially Eleocharis, although polyploidy has not been demonstrated unequivocally.

Because of morphologic similarities in vegetative and inflorescence characters, the family has commonly been associated with Poaceae. Cytological features discussed above clearly indicate that to be a superficial similarity . Data from rbcL studies also support the view that Cyperaceae and Poaceae are not closely related (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b; G. M. Plunkett et al. 1995) ; they do support the concept of close relationship between Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.

For most families of flowering plants the phenological data given are flowering times. Because most Cyperaceae cannot be reliably identified when in flower, in this volume fruiting time is given for all species by season , sometimes qualified by early, mid, or late, or by months. The fruiting time has been interpreted broadly to include the period when the fruit is more or less fully formed but not yet ripe . The fruiting period provided covers the entire range of the taxon . Quite a difference between fruiting periods in different parts of the range of the species may well occur, especially for widespread species and species with extensive elevation range.

For a recent, comprehensive review of the economic importance of Cyperaceae, see D. A. Simpson and C. A. Inglis (2001) .[1]

Genus Cyperus

Herbs, perennial or less often annual , cespitose or not, rhizomatous , stoloniferous , rarely tuberous . Culms solitary or not, trigonous or round , glabrous or scabridulous with extrorse or antrorse (rarely retrorse ) prickles. Leaves usually basal; ligules absent; blades keeled abaxially, flat, V-, or inversely W-shaped in cross section . Inflorescences terminal , rarely pseudolateral, 1st order subumbellate to capitate, 2d order with spicate or digitately arranged spikelets , rarely a solitary spikelet; spikelets 1-150; 1st order rays unequal (rarely equal) in length , produced singly from the axils of inflorescence bracts ; involucral bracts 1-22, spirally arranged at culm apex, spreading to erect , leaflike. Spikelets: scales to 76, distichous, each subtending flower, cylindric to compressed , borne spicately or digitately at ends of rays (occasionally proliferous) . Flowers bisexual [rarely unisexual ], in axils of distichous floral scales, bases often decurrent onto rachilla as ± hyaline wings ; perianth absent; stamens 1-3; styles linear , 2-3-fid, base deciduous or persistent ; stigmas 2-3. Achenes biconvex , flattened, or trigonous.

Species ca. 600: pantemperate and tropical .[2]

Physical Description

Species Cyperus esculentus

Herbs, perennial , stoloniferous ; stolons soft, spongy , flexible when dried, 2-8(-15) cm, bearing tubers (3-) 6-11 mm diam. Culms trigonous , 15-60 (-100) cm × 0.6-3.4 mm, glabrous . Leaves 3-7, flat to V-shaped or flanged V-shaped, (6-) 20-40(-80) cm × 2-4 (-6.5) mm. Inflorescences: spikes broadly ellipsoid to ovoid or hemispheric , (12-) 18-30 × (12-) 18-35 mm; rachis 4-17 mm; rays 4-10, (0.3-) 2-12 cm; bracts (3-) 4-5(-7), ± horizontal to ascending at 45(-75) °, V-shaped to flanged V-shaped, (1.5-) 5-30 cm × 0.5-4 mm; rachilla persistent , wings hyaline , 0.3-0.5 mm wide. Spikelets (3-) 10-20(-28), divaricate or ascending, yellowish brown to dark brown, linear to linear-lanceoloid, compressed-quadrangular, (5-) 10-20(-55) × (1.2-) 1.4-2(-3) mm; floral scales persistent, 6-34, spreading or appressed , ovate-lanceolate, laterally 7-9-ribbed, laterally yellowish brown to dark brown medially brownish, reddish, or greenish, ovate , or ovate-deltate, medially 3-ribbed, 1.8-2.7(-3.4) × (1-) 1.5-1.8(-2.4) mm, apex acute or sub-acute. Flowers: anthers (1-) 1.2-1.5(-2.1) mm; styles (0.7-) 1-1.2(-2.2) mm; stigmas (1.2-) 1.8-2.3(-4) mm. Achenes (seldom maturing) brown, sessile, ellipsoid, (1.1-) 1.3-1.5(-1.6) × 0.3-0.6(-0.8) mm, apex obtuse , surfaces puncticulate . [source]

Varieties 4: nearly worldwide. [source]

Cyperus esculentus is a widespread and polymorphic species. Although seven varieties have been recognized (G. Kukenthal (1935-1936), recent studies based primarily on spikelet features provided support for four varieties (P. Schippers et al. 1995). Cyperus esculentus var. esculentus is restricted to the Old World. [source]

Habit: Deciduous.

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May. • Flower Color: bronze, brown, chartreuseyellow-green, pale green, pale yellow

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-12" tall.

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 280 meters (918 feet).[3]

Ecology: It is a perennial herb growing in seasonally flooded areas, swamps , but usually found in cultivated lands (Cook 1996).[4].

List of Habitats :

5 Wetlands (inland)
5.1 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )
5.2 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks
5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps, Fens , Peatlands
5.8 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
15 Artificial/Aquatic & Marine
15.8 Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land

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Biology

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Growth

Culture: Space 3-6" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Commelinidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Juncanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Poales () - Small, 1903
        Family: Cyperaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - Sedge Family
        Subfamily: Cyperoideae ()
        Tribe: Cypereae ()
        Genus: Cyperus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Umbrella-sedge, flatsedge [Greek kupeiros, name for Eurasian Cyperus longus Linnaeus]
        Subgenus: nom ()
        Specific epithet: esculentus - L.
        Botanical name: - Cyperus esculentus L.

Synonyms

Cyperus aureus • Cyperus esculentus • Cyperus melinorhizus • Cyperus tuberosus • Pycreus esculentus

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 21-Jun-2005

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Cyperus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 172 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
"Cyperus". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 168. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 10 providers.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Kumar, B. 2011. Cyperus esculentus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 03, 2008)
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Release date: November 27, 2009

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
NLBIF, Limnodata
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
The New York Botanical Garden, Species of Eastern Brazil Vascular Plant Specimens
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2660417
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-236532
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13746017
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:304439-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 12901
IUCN ID: 204039
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PMCYP06100
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 165723

Footnotes

Peter W. Ball, A. A. Reznicek, David F. Murray "Cyperaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 3, 4, 192, 243, 252. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Gordon C. Tucker, Brian G. Marcks & J. Richard Carter "Cyperus". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 7, 141, 154, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 184,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Standard Deviation = 395.600 based on 832 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Kumar, B. 2011. Cyperus esculentus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

Cyperus esculentus

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cyperaceae

Genus Cyperus

Physical Description

Species Cyperus esculentus

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cyperus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes