Cycas media

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Cycadaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , dioecious, mostly palmlike; trunk columnar , sometimes dichotomously branched at apex, rarely ovoid-bulbous and subterranean , clothed with bases of fallen leaves; bark often thickened and roughened. Leaves borne at apex of trunk, 1(-3) -pinnately compound , spirally arranged ; new leaves erect (or somewhat inflexed and appearing coiled in C. multipinnata group), with circinnate leaflets ; petiole with spines representing (reduced basal leaflets), rarely unarmed , base swollen and hairy ; leaflets numerous , alternate to subopposite, dichotomously branched in a few species, midvein present, margin usually entire. Cataphylls prominent , alternate with leaves, hairy, apex often rigid and pungent . Pollen cones borne at apex of trunk, cylindric or fusiform ; microsporophylls numerous, scalelike, spirally and tightly arranged along axis of cone, with numerous microsporangia in groups abaxially; pollen tubes producing 2 motile sperm cells . Megasporophylls several to numerous, somewhat leaflike, alternating with flushes of leaves, arranged in a loose , "conelike" crown surrounding apex of trunk, each with a linear fertile stalk and an apical, pinnatifid or subentire sterile blade ; ovules (1 or) 2-5 on each side of stalk. Seeds drupelike, somewhat compressed ; seed coat 3-layered, consisting of colored sarcotesta , woody sclerotesta , and membranous endotesta . Cotyledons 2, united at base. Germination hypogeal, cryptocotylar . 2n = 22*.

One genus and ca. 60 species: E Africa (including Madagascar), E and S Asia, N Australia, Pacific Islands; 16 species (eight endemic) in China.

Ornamental species include Cycas revoluta, which is widely cultivated worldwide. Other species (e.g. , C. circinalis Linnaeus, C. media R. Brown, C. pectinata, C. rumphii Miquel, C. taitungensis, and C. thouarsii R. Brown) have excellent ornamental qualities. The stem starch , "sago" (not to be confused with the true sago as obtained from palms of the genus Metroxylon Rottboøll), is edible and is used in packing brewers’ yeast after the removal of cycasins which are highly toxic and carcinogenic . A paste of Cycas seeds and coconut oil is used for the treatment of skin complaints, wounds, ulcers, sores, and boils .[1]

Genus Cycas

Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those for the family .[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Ecology: This species occurs in tall eucalypt forest or among shrubs . Soils vary from sands to gravels and loams .[3].

List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.5     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     2     Savanna   
  
•     2.1     Savanna - Dry   
  
•     6     Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs , mountain peaks)   
[more info]

Biology

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade.

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Cycas gracilis • Cycas gracilis var. glauca Regel • Cycas gracilis var. viridis Regel • Cycas gracilis? Miq. • Cycas kennedyana • Cycas kennedyana F. Muell. • Cycas normanbyana • Cycas normanbyana F. Muell. • Cycas rumphii normanbyana (F. Muell.) J. Schust.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2004

This species has three subspecies : C. media ssp. media, C. media ssp. banksii and C. media ssp. ensata which are all assessed separately.[3].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cycas

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 52 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

C. angulata (Cycad) · C. annaikalensis (Annaikal Cycas (India)) · C. armstrongii (Australian Cycad) · C. beddomei (Andhra Pradesh Cycas) · C. bifida (Fork-Leafed Cycad) · C. bougainvilleana (Cycad) · C. cairnsiana (Australian Cycas) · C. campestris (Cycad) · C. candida (White Seed Sago) · C. chamaoensis (Cycad) · C. changjiangensis (Cycad) · C. circinalis (Crozier Cycas) · C. clivicola (Cliff Cycad) · C. couttsiana (Cycad) · C. curranii (Currans Pitogo) · C. debaoensis (Cycad) · C. diannanensis (Cycad) · C. dolichophylla (Cycad) · C. edentata (Cycad) · C. elephantipes (Cycad) · C. falcata (Cycad) · C. ferruginea (Cycad) · C. hainanensis (Hainan Cycas) · C. hongheensis (Cycad) · C. kedia (Australian Nut Palm) · C. litoralis (Cycad) · C. media (Cycad) · C. micholitzii (Micholtzis Sago) · C. nongnoochiae (Nong Nooch Sago) · C. ophiolitica (Marlbourough Blue Cycad) · C. pachypoda (Cycad) · C. panzhihuaensis (Cycad) · C. pectinata (Cycad) · C. petraea (Loei Cycad) · C. platyphylla (Cycad) · C. revoluta (Japanese Sago Palm) · C. revoluta 'Aurea' (Japanese Sago Palm) · C. revoluta 'Showa' (Japanese Sago Palm) · C. riuminiana (Arayat Pitogo) · C. rumphii (Ceylon Sago) · C. sexseminifera (Dwarf Sago) · C. siamensis (Cycad) · C. simplicipinna (Cycad) · C. szechuanensis (Guizhou Cycas) · C. taitungensis (Prince Sago) · C. taiwaniana (Cycad) · C. thouarsii (Madagascar Cycad) · C. tropophylla (Ha Long Cycad) · C. wadei (Wades Pitogo) · C. 'Nova Loei' (Cycad) · C. 'Nova Meeldijk' (Cycad) · C. 'Wilailak' (Cycad)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations, Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch Press, 1911. url , .
• A manual of poisonous plants: chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations / by L. H. Pammel. 1911 Cedar Rapids, Ia.: The Torch Press, 1910-11. url p. 325, p. 819.
• A textbook of botany for colleges and universities. .. Cincinnati [etc]American book company[1910-11] url .
• American fossil cycads / by G.R. Wieland. Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1906-1916. url p. 190, p. 202, p. 204, p. 206, p. 208, p. 286, p. 292.
• Among cannibals; an account of four years' travels in Australia and of camp life with the aborigines of Queensland; by Carl Lumholtz...tr. by Rasmus B. Anderson... New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1889. url p. 164, p. 312, p. 390.
• Botanical abstracts. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co. url p. 342, p. 75.
• Brooklyn Botanic Garden record. 4 1915 [Brooklyn]: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1912-44. url p. 133, p. 37, p. 83, p. 86, p. 89.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5 1906-1908 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 110.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 46 1919 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 486.
• Catalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History) London, Trustees of the B.M., 1894-1915. url p. 19.
• Chamber's encyclopaedia, a dictionary of universal knowledge. London, Chambers, 1902. url p. 635, p. 636.
• Checklist of CITES Species CITES, WCMC url p. 269.
• Checklist of CITES Species: a reference to the appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES url p. 269, p. 278.
• Contributions from the Hull Botanical Laboratory. [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1895- url , , , p. 208, p. 211, p. 212, p. 213, p. 214, p. 215, p. 216, p. 217, p. 218, p. 219, p. 220.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 9 1905 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 253.
• Fossil plants: for students of botany and geology / Cambridge: University Press, 1898-1919. url , .
• Fossil plants; a text-book for students of botany and geology, by A. C. Seward. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1898-1919. url p. 30, p. 33.
• Fundamentals of botany / by C. Stuart Gager. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co., c1916. url p. 395, p. 396, p. 397, p. 398, p. 408.
• Fundamentals of botany, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co., 1916. url , , , .
• Fundamentals of botany, by C. Stuart Gager. With 435 illustrations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, 1916. url p. 395, p. 396, p. 397, p. 398.
• Fundamentals of botany. Philadelphia, Blakiston[1916] url p. 395, p. 396, p. 397, p. 398, p. 408.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 113.
• Greenhouse & stove plants; flowering and fine-leaved, palms, ferns, and lycopodiums, with full details of the propagation and cultivation of 500 families of plants, embracing all the best kinds in cultivation, suitable for grow London, J. Murray, 1885. url p. 353.
• Greenhouse and stove plants, flowering and fine-leaved, palms, ferns, and lycopodiums, with full details of the propagation and cultivation of 500 families of plants: embracing all the best kinds in cultivation, suitable for growing in the greenhouse, intermediate house, and stove / by Thomas Baines. London: J. Murray, 1894. url p. 353.
• Gymnosperms; structure and evolution, by Charles Joseph Chamberlain. .. with 397 figures. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press[1935] url p. 108, p. 115, p. 158, p. 464, p. 71, p. 72, p. 77, p. 83, p. 84, p. 85.
• Hortus suburbanus Calcuttensis; A catalogue of the plants which have been cultivated in the Hon. East India Company's botanical garden, Calcutta, and in the Serampore botanical garden. By the late J. O. Voigt, printed under the superintendence of W. Griffith. Calcutta, Bishop's College Press, 1845. url p. 555.
• In Australian tropics / by Alfred Searcy; with a map and fifty-five illustrations. London: G. Robertson, 1909. url , p. 157.
• Journal of the International Garden Club. New York, International garden club. url p. 370, p. 377.
• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 3 1906 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 288, p. 59, p. 66.
• Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks during Captain Cook's first voyage in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71 to Terra del Fuego, Otahite, New Zealand, Australia, the Dutch East Indies, etc. / edited by Sir Joseph D. Hooker. London: Macmillan, 1896. url p. 313.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. url p. 69.
• Morphology of gymnosperms, Chicago, University of Chicago Press[c1917] url .
• Morphology of spermatophytes, by John M. Coulter. .. and Charles J. Chamberlain. .. New York, D. Appleton and company, 1901. url p. 3.
• Morphology of spermatophytes. [Part I. Gymnosperms] New York, D. Appleton[c1901] url .
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 190, p. 372.
• Nicholson, G. The illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopædia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists /edited by George Nicholson; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. .. 9 1884 London: L.U. Gill, [1884]-88. url p. 449.
• Northmost Australia: three centuries of exploration, discovery, and adventure in and around the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland: with a study of the narratives of all explorers by sea and land in the light of modern char by Robert Logan Jack. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1921. url p. 543.
• Papers and proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. Hobart, Tasmania, The Society. url p. 27.
• Popular gardening and fruit growing; An illustrated periodical devoted to horticulture in all its branches. Buffalo, New York;Popular gardening publishing company. url p. 237.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. url , , p. 218, p. 475, p. 525, p. 766, p. 96.
• Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. [Brisbane, Royal Society of Queensland]1885- url p. 13, p. 14, p. 50, p. 6.
• Report on the agricultural resources and capabilities of Hawaii. Washington, Govt. Print. off., 1901. url p. 50.
• Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76: under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S. and Captain Frank Turle Thomson, R.N. / prepared under the superintendence of Sir C. Wyville Thomson. Edinburgh: Neill, 1880-1895. url p. 207.
• Science. New York, N.Y.: [s.n.]1880- url p. 164.
• Second systematic census of Australian plants, with chronologic, literary and geographic annotations; by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller. Pt. I. --Vasculares. Melbourne: Printed for the Victorian Government by McCarron. Bird & Co., 1889. url p. 184.
• Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalisation with indications of their native countries and some of their uses / by Baron Ferd. von Mueller. Melbourne: R. S. Brain, govt. printer, 1895. url p. 154, p. 155.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 654, p. 657.
• The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 25, p. 4.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url , , , p. 139, p. 322, p. 48, p. 507, p. 507, p. 535, p. 652.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. url p. 283.
• The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 1042.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , p. 10, p. 120, p. 145, p. 210, p. 229, p. 292, p. 298, p. 3, p. 335, p. 442, p. 450, p. 459, p. 482, p. 482, p. 511, p. 546, p. 554, p. 58, p. 667, p. 678, p. 703, p. 711, p. 712, p. 716, p. 743, p. 756, p. 763, p. 765, p. 770, p. 782, p. 786, p. 795, p. 8.
• The Illustrated dictionary of gardening: a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / edited by George Nicholson. ..; assisted by J.W.H. Trail. .. and J. Garrett. ... London: L. Upcott Gill; 1887-1889. url p. 449.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url p. 325, p. 328, p. 461.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 33 1897-1898 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 443, p. 455, p. 457.
• The Monthly bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture. Sacramento, Calif.: The Commission, 1911-1919. url p. 124.
• The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London. London [etc.] url p. 33.
• The Queensland flora: Queensland, Printed by H. J. Diddams & co., 1899-1902. url .
• The Victorian naturalist. [Melbourne]Field Naturalists Club of Victoria. url p. 111.
• The botanic gardens list of rare and threatened species IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 9.
• The confessions of a beachcomber: scenes and incidents in the career of an unprofessional beachcomber in tropical Queensland / London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1908. url .
• The confessions of a beachcomber; scenes and incidents in the career of an unprofessional beachcomber in tropical Queensland. London [etc.]: T. F. Unwin, 1908. url p. 99.
• The flora of the Northern Territory, Melbourne, McCarron, Bird & Co., Printers, 1917. url .
• The forest resources of the territories of Papua and New Guineareport by C.E. Lane-Poole. 1925 [Melbourne]:Printed and Pub. for the government of the commonwealth of Australia by H.J. Green, government printer for the State of Victoria, [1925] url p. 170, p. 206.
• The living cycads / by Charles Joseph Chamberlain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1919. url , p. 13, p. 150, p. 150, p. 151, p. 151, p. 171, p. 171, p. 37, p. 37, p. 38, p. 38.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1012.
• The tropical agriculturist. Colombo, Ceylon: A.M. & J. Ferguson, 1882- url p. 741.
• The useful native plants of Australia, (including Tasmania) by J. H. Maiden. Sydney, Turner and Henderson, 1889. url p. 21, p. 41, p. 413, p. 675.
• The useful plants of the island of Guam; with an introductory account of the physical features and natural history of the island, of the character and history of its people, and of their agriculture / by William Edwin Safford. Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., 1905. url p. 253.
• The weeds, poison plants, and naturalized aliens of Victoria. Melbourne, J. Kemp, Government Printer1909. url .
• Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 27.
• Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 26 1870 London: [The Society], 1791-1875. url p. 665.
• Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, Australia: The Society, 1890-1903. url p. 120.
• Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society. Edinburgh: The Society, -1887. url p. 470.
• Tropic days / by E. J. Banfield. London: T.F. Unwin, 1918. url p. 249.
• Tropic days, by E. J. Banfield. .. with 37 illustrations. London: T. F. Unwin, ltd., [1918] url p. 249.
• Vernacular list of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers in the Madras Presidency. Madras, Printed by the Superintendant, Government Press, 1915. url p. 333, p. 519, p. 743, p. 791.
• Yearbook of agriculture. WashingtonU.S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 266.
• [Pamphlets on agriculture in Guam] S.l.: s.n., 1905-1916 url p. 253.
• Fu Shu-hsia, Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Cycadaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 4-17.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 31, 2012.
• Hill, K.D 2010. Cycas media. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 13, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, Plants of Papua New Guinea

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3330027
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: IOP-454897
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13691478
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297013-1
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 297013-1
• IUCN ID: 203739
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 432496

Footnotes

1. Jiarui Chen & Dennis W. Stevenson "Cycadaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. "Cycas". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Hill, K.D 2010. Cycas media. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.