Araucaria columnaris

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Large tree from New Caledonia (Pine Island) discovered by Captain Cook with a columnar , cone-shaped crown to 200 feet in height and scale-like leaves about a quarter of an inch long. The male cones (4) are papery in texture and remain intact but the larger female cones (5) are woody and separate into thick, one-seeded scales . Trees are very suitable for reforestation and are useful for lumber and masts. The Norfolk Island Pine A. heterophylla is very similar, especially when immature .

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Araucariaceae

Trees evergreen , dioecious or monoecious, with relatively large pith in trunk and resin in cortex. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, sessile, decurrent. Cones unisexual . Pollen cones axillary or terminal on branchlets , solitary or clustered; microsporophylls numerous , spirally arranged, sessile; microsporangia 4-20, external, suspended, arranged in 2 rows , filiform ; pollen sacs split longitudinally; pollen nonsaccate. Seed cones solitary, terminal on branchlets, maturing in 2nd or 3rd year; bracts numerous, spirally arranged; ovulate scales degenerate or ligulate , connate with bracts on 1 side, each with 1 ovule at base abaxially; ovules connate with ovulate scales or with bracts (when ovulate scales degenerate) ; bracts of mature cones deciduous, flattened, woody or thickly leathery, bearing 1 seed in basal part (if developed), sometimes adnate with ligulate seed scales in center of adaxial surface, apex triangular or caudate . Seeds connate with bracts or detached, flattened, winged or not. 2n = 26.

Three genera and 41 species: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; Australia, New Zealand, SW Pacific Islands, South America; two genera and four species (all introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Araucaria

Trees monoecious, occasionally dioecious; branches whorled or almost so; winter buds small. Leaves spirally arranged , needlelike to broadly ovate or triangular, varied in shape and size even on same tree. Pollen cones axillary or terminal on branchlets , cylindric , ovoid , or ellipsoid ; microsporophylls densely arranged. Seed cones erect , ellipsoid, or ovoid to subglobose; ovulate scales ligulate ; bracts of mature cones large, woody, distal part thickened, distal margin sharply and transversely ridged , apex reflexed or upcurved, pointed ; seed scales adnate with bracts in basal, seed-bearing part, detached in apical part, sometimes thickened and exposed. Seeds connate with bracts, sometimes with 2 apparent lateral wings formed from bract. Cotyledons usually 2, occasionally 4. Germination hypogeal or epigeal.

Nineteen species: Papua New Guinea; Australia (including Norfolk Island), New Caledonia, South America; three species (introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Ecology: This is the only New Caledonian species of Araucaria to occur on calcareous substrate although it is not restricted to these substrates. On the Isle of Pines it is often on coral .  It is frequently planted in other coastal areas of New Caledonia.[3].

List of Habitats :

•     13     Marine Coastal/Supratidal   
  
•     13.1     Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands   
[more info]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 15-20' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Araucaria cookii R. Br. Ex Lindl. • Araucaria excelsa (Lamb.) R. Br. • Araucaria intermedia R. Br. Ex Vieill. • Columbea excelsa (Lamb.) Spreng. • Cupressus columnaris J. R. Forst. • Dombeya excelsa Lamb. • Eutacta cookii (R. Br. Ex Lindl.) Carrière • Eutacta cookii var. gracilis Carrière • Eutacta excelsa (Lamb.) Link • Eutacta humilis Carrière • Eutacta minor Carrière

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Conservation status: LC, Habit: Tree

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

Similar Species

Members of the genus Araucaria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 10 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. angustifolia (Brazilian Monkey Puzzle Tree) · A. araucana (Monkey Puzzle) · A. bidwillii (Bunya Bunya) · A. columnaris (Cook Pine) · A. cunninghamii (Hoop Pine) · A. heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine) · A. heterophylla 'Monia' (Majestic Beauty ® Star Pine) · A. hunsteinii (Klinkii Pine) · A. rulei (Rule Araucaria) · A. subulata (Narrow-Leaved Araucaria)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A manual of the Coniferae, containing a general review of the order; a synopsis of the hardy kinds cultivated in Great Britain; their place and use in horticulture, etc., etc. With numerous woodcuts and illustrations. Chelsea, 1881. url .
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 89.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 30 1957 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 157, p. 187, p. 242, p. 33, p. 405, p. 496.
• Coral Reefs of the World. url p. 232.
• Favourite flowers of garden and greenhouse /by Edward Step. ..; the cultural directions edited by William Watson. ..; illustrated with three hundred and sixteen coloured plates, selected and arranged by D. Bois. 4 1897 London and New York: Frederick Warne & co., 1896-97. url p. 498.
• Flora Vitiensis nova: a new Flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only) / Albert C. Smith. Lawaii, Hawaii: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, 1979- url p. 110.
• Hand-list of Coniferae, grown in the Royal Botanic Gardens. LondonPrinted for H.M. Stationery Off. by Darling1903 url p. 67.
• Hand-list of Coniferae: grown in the Royal botanic gardens. London: Printed for H. M. Stationery off. by Darling & son, Ltd., 1903. url p. 67.
• IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania IUCN url p. 435, p. 60, p. 86.
• Lindley, J. Paxton's flower garden /by Professor Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton. 3 1853 London: Bradbury and Evans, [1850]-1853. url p. 175, p. 77.
• List of intercepted plant pests / United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. [Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.], 1932- url p. 28.
• Plants in Danger: what do we know? IUCN url p. 259.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 20.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. url p. 37.
• Protected Areas of the World: a review of National Systems. Vol 1: Indomalaya, Oceania, Australia and Antarctic IUCN url p. 186.
• The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 26.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 123, p. 293, p. 343.
• The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. 1852 London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 472.
• The Nautilus. Melbourne, Fla., etc., American Malacologists, inc., etc. url p. 76.
• The pinetum: being a synopsis of all the coniferous plants at present known, with descriptions, history and synonyms, and a comprehensive systematic index. LondonH.G. Bohn [etc.]1880 url p. 43, p. 43.
• Veitch's manual of the coniferae: containing a general review of the order, a synopsis of the species cultivated in Great Britain, their botanical history, economic properties, place and use in arboriculture, etc. Chelsea [England]: James Veitch & Sons, 1900. url p. 303.
• Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, Tsui Hung-pin & Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Araucariaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 24-31.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 23, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Carr, Gerald
• Conifer Database 2006.
• Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Araucaria columnaris. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• Thomas, P. 2010. Araucaria columnaris. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Australian National Herbarium (CANB)
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México (IE-XAL)
• Herbier de l'Université Louis Pasteur: herbier de nouvelle-caledonie
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (Costa Rica): Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics: Herbarium (UNA)

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670731
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-2848
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261688-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 102570
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506780
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 261688-1
• IUCN ID: 192372
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ARCO32
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 21986

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Araucariaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 9. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Araucaria". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 9. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Thomas, P. 2010. Araucaria columnaris. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.