Araucaria angustifolia

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Critically Endangered

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Araucariaceae

Trees evergreen , dioecious or monoecious, with relatively large pith in trunk and resin in cortex. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, sessile, decurrent. Cones unisexual . Pollen cones axillary or terminal on branchlets , solitary or clustered; microsporophylls numerous , spirally arranged, sessile; microsporangia 4-20, external, suspended, arranged in 2 rows , filiform ; pollen sacs split longitudinally; pollen nonsaccate. Seed cones solitary, terminal on branchlets, maturing in 2nd or 3rd year; bracts numerous, spirally arranged; ovulate scales degenerate or ligulate , connate with bracts on 1 side, each with 1 ovule at base abaxially; ovules connate with ovulate scales or with bracts (when ovulate scales degenerate) ; bracts of mature cones deciduous, flattened, woody or thickly leathery, bearing 1 seed in basal part (if developed), sometimes adnate with ligulate seed scales in center of adaxial surface, apex triangular or caudate . Seeds connate with bracts or detached, flattened, winged or not. 2n = 26.

Three genera and 41 species: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; Australia, New Zealand, SW Pacific Islands, South America; two genera and four species (all introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Araucaria

Trees monoecious, occasionally dioecious; branches whorled or almost so; winter buds small. Leaves spirally arranged , needlelike to broadly ovate or triangular, varied in shape and size even on same tree. Pollen cones axillary or terminal on branchlets , cylindric , ovoid , or ellipsoid ; microsporophylls densely arranged. Seed cones erect , ellipsoid, or ovoid to subglobose; ovulate scales ligulate ; bracts of mature cones large, woody, distal part thickened, distal margin sharply and transversely ridged , apex reflexed or upcurved, pointed ; seed scales adnate with bracts in basal, seed-bearing part, detached in apical part, sometimes thickened and exposed. Seeds connate with bracts, sometimes with 2 apparent lateral wings formed from bract. Cotyledons usually 2, occasionally 4. Germination hypogeal or epigeal.

Nineteen species: Papua New Guinea; Australia (including Norfolk Island), New Caledonia, South America; three species (introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,653 meters (0 to 15,266 feet).[3]

Ecology: Grows in subtropical forest on acidic soils. Araucaria is usually dioecious, rarely monoecious and like other conifers is wind pollinated. pollen maturation and pollination in Brazil occur from August through October. The seed cones begin to mature two years after pollination, and the complete cycle from primitive carpel to seed takes about four years. Young trees begin to set seed between 12 and 15 years of age. Seeds are dispersed between May and August. The species appears to be able to regenerate fairly quickly.[4].

List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
[more info]

Biology

Growth

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Araucaria angustifolia f. catarinensis J. R. De Mattos • Araucaria angustifolia f. monoica Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. alba Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. caiova Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. dependens J. R. De Mattos • Araucaria angustifolia var. elegans (L. H. Bailey & Rafill) Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. indehiscens J. R. De Mattos • Araucaria angustifolia var. nigra Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. sancti-josephi Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. semi-alba Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. striata Reitz & R. M. Klein • Araucaria angustifolia var. vinacea J. R. De Mattos • Araucaria brasiliana A. Rich. • Araucaria brasiliana var. elegans L. H. Bailey & Rafill • Araucaria brasiliana var. gracilis Carrière • Araucaria brasiliana var. ridolfiana (Pi. Savi) Gordon • Araucaria dioica (Vell.) Stellfeld • Araucaria ridolfiana Pi. Savi • Araucaria saviana Parl. • Columbea angustifolia Bertol. • Columbea brasiliensis (A. Rich.) Carrière • Columbea brasiliensis var. ridolfiana (Pi. Savi) Carrière • Pinus dioica Vell.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Conservation status: CR (A1cd), Habit: Tree

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

Similar Species

Members of the genus Araucaria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 10 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. angustifolia (Brazilian Monkey Puzzle Tree) · A. araucana (Monkey Puzzle) · A. bidwillii (Bunya Bunya) · A. columnaris (Cook Pine) · A. cunninghamii (Hoop Pine) · A. heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine) · A. heterophylla 'Monia' (Majestic Beauty ® Star Pine) · A. hunsteinii (Klinkii Pine) · A. rulei (Rule Araucaria) · A. subulata (Narrow-Leaved Araucaria)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• 1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union, 1998 url p. 19.
• Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. 7 1939 Cambridge, Mass.: Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1932- url p. 97.
• Bulletin / Field Museum of Natural History. [Chicago]: The Museum, 1966-1972. url p. 7.
• Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington: G.P.O., 1901-1971. url p. 451, p. 480.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1951-1992. url p. 177, p. 118, p. 131, p. 275, p. 99.
• Conservation and sustainable management of trees, report of the second regional workshop, held at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, 18-20 November 1996 WCMC url p. 55.
• Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria CITES url p. 156, p. 203, p. 433, p. 6.
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52 2005 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 17, p. 227, p. 399, p. 483.
• Global Biodiversity: status of the Earth's living resources WCMC url p. 345.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1992 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 105, p. 506.
• IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas IUCN url p. 102, p. 17, p. 71, p. 74, p. 77, p. 82.
• List of intercepted plant pests / United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. [Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.], 1932- url p. 33, p. 63.
• MAB Biosphere Reserves: Site Descriptions, post compilation 5 (October 1990) UNESCO MAB Programme url .
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1969 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 411.
• Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 10 2000 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 149.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. 1961 San Diego, The Society. url p. 8.
• Occasional papers of the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. 15 1980 Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. url p. 19.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 446.
• Rare Tropical Timbers IUCN url p. 18, p. 9.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 13.
• The Marine Mammal Commission compendium of selected treaties, international agreements, and other relevant documents on marine resources, wildlife, and the environment / compiled by Richard L. Wallace. Washington, D.C.: The Commission; 1994 url p. 518.
• The Natural history of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island / edited by Carl Skottsberg. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, 1920-1956. url .
• The World List of Threatened Trees WCMC, IUCN url p. 588, p. 62.
• Tree species evaluation using the new CITES Listing Criteria CITES url p. 13, p. 26, p. 27, p. 5, p. 9.
• World Plant Conservation Bibliography WCMC, Royal Botanic Gardens url p. 127.
• Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, Tsui Hung-pin & Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Araucariaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 24-31.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
• Farjon, A. 2006. Araucaria angustifolia. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
• Farjon, A. 2006. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2670729
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-2862
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14705926
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:676661-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 3833
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 506778
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 676661-1
• IUCN ID: 192367
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13880

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Araucariaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 9. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Araucaria". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 9. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 2,148.680 meters (7,049.475 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,983.070 based on 31 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
4. Farjon, A. 2006. Araucaria angustifolia. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.