Sitta canadensis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Spruce-fir forests are the preferred habitat of this nuthatch, but other coniferous forests may also fill this requirement.

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine forests • Maximum Elevation: 1,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Canopy • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.9     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.5     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.3     Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations   
  
•     14.4     Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

The diet of this nuthatch includes mostly insects and spiders, although during the winter some conifer seeds may be eaten. The food is found by searching the trunks and branches of trees .

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in mid-May and extends to mid-June. Preferred nesting habitat is conifer or mixed conifer forest . The nest is commonly 1.5-12 m (5-40 feet) high. This adaptable species nests in a naturally occurring cavity , excavates its own cavity, uses an abandoned woodpecker cavity, or occasionally uses nest boxes. The female lays 4-7 (usually 5-6) eggs that she incubates for 12 days. The male feeds the incubating female. The young are altricial and fledge 14-21 days after hatching . The juveniles are fed for a short period after leaving the nest.

• Breeding Habitat: Woodland
• Nest Location: Mid-story/canopy nesting
• Nest Type: Cavity
• Clutch Size: 4-7
• Length of Incubation : 12 days
• Days to Fledge: 14-21

Migration

Some migrate

The call of this species is a high-pitched, nasal yank.

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

White-Breasted Nuthatch

Members of the genus Sitta

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 60 species and subspecies in this genus:

S. arctica (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. azurea (Azure Nuthatch) · S. canadensis (Red-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis (Rocky Mountain Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis aculeata (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis alexandrae (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis carolinensis (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis cookei (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis lagunae (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis mexicana (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis nelsoni (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. carolinensis tenuissima (White-Breasted Nuthatch) · S. cashmirensis (Kashmir Nuthatch) · S. castanea (Chestnut-Bellied Nuthatch) · S. castanea castanea (Chestnut-Bellied Nuthatch) · S. europaea (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea albifrons (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea amurensis (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea asiatica (Asian Wood Nuthatch) · S. europaea bedfordi (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea caesia (European Wood Nuthatch) · S. europaea caucasica (Caucasian Wood Nuthatch) · S. europaea cisalpina (Central European Wood Nuthatch) · S. europaea europaea (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea hispaniensis (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea levantina (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea persica (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea rubiginosa (Caspian Wood Nuthatch) · S. europaea seorsa (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. europaea sinensis (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. formosa (Beautiful Nuthatch) · S. frontalis (Velvet-Fronted Nuthatch) · S. frontalis frontalis (Velvet-Fronted Nuthatch) · S. himalayensis (White-Tailed Nuthatch) · S. krueperi (Krüper's Nuthatch) · S. ledanti (Kabylian Nuthatch) · S. leucopsis (White-Cheeked Nuthatch) · S. leucopsis leucopsis (White-Cheeked Nuthatch) · S. magna (Giant Nuthatch) · S. nagaensis (Chestnut-Vented Nuthatch) · S. nagaensis montium (Eurasian Nuthatch) · S. nagaensis nagaensis (Chestnut-Vented Nuthatch) · S. neumayer (Western Rock Nuthatch) · S. neumayer neumayer (Western Rock-Nuthatch) · S. oenochlamys (Sulphur-Billed Nuthatch) · S. oenochlamys oenochlamys (Sulphur-Billed Nuthatch) · S. pusilla (Brown-Headed Nuthutch) · S. pusilla caniceps (Brown-Headed Nuthatch) · S. pusilla pusilla (Brown-Headed Nuthatch) · S. pygmaea (White-Naped Nuthatch) · S. pygmaea melanotis (Pygmy Nuthatch) · S. pygmaea pygmaea (Pygmy Nuthatch) · S. solangiae (Yellow-Billed Nuthatch) · S. tephronota (Eastern Rock Nuthatch) · S. tephronota tephronota (Eastern Rock-Nuthatch) · S. victoriae (White-Browed Nuthatch) · S. villosa (Black-Headed Nuthatch) · S. villosa villosa (Snowy-Browed Nuthatch) · S. whiteheadi (Corsican Nuthatch) · (Black-Masked Nuthatch)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region. By Edward A. Preble. .. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. url p. 485, p. 571.
• A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1902. url .
• A biological survey of the sand dune region on the south shore of Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Lansing, Mich.: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford co., state printers, 1911. url p. 237, p. 242, p. 306, p. 342.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 15.
• A comparison of the animal communities of coniferous and deciduous forests, Urbana, Ill., c1927 url p. 106.
• A distributional list of the birds of Montana, with notes on the migration and nesting of the better known species, by Aretas A. Saunders. Berkeley, Calif., The Club, 1921. url p. 159, p. 192.
• A faunal investigation of King Township, York County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1930. url p. 201.
• A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1931. url p. 219.
• A faunal investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario / Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941. url p. 71.
• A faunal investigation of the Lake Nipigon region, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1928. url p. 275.
• A faunal investigation of the Sault Ste. Marie region, Ontario / [Toronto]: Royal Ontario Museum, 1942. url p. 138.
• A faunal investigation of western Rainy River District, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1938. url p. 199.
• A first book upon the birds of Oregon and Washington; a pocket guide and pupil's assistant in a study of most of the land birds and a few of the water birds of these states. By William Rogers Lord. Portland, Ore., W. R. Lord, 1913 [c1902] url p. 278.
• A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. 36 1958 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. url p. 642.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and nearly 100 cuts in the text. BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904 url p. 356, p. 85.
• A history of North American birds / by S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. 1 1905 Boston: Little, Brown, 1905. url figure , p. 114, p. 117, p. 118, p. 122.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater. .. London, Witherby & co., 1912. url , p. 498, p. 500.
• A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen Manchester, N.H., Nature press, 1903. url p. 218, p. 27, p. 45, p. 47.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 559, p. 646.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1900. url p. 559, p. 646.
• A manual of palæarctic birds, by H. E. Dresser. London, The author, 1902-03. url p. 191.
• A manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States: including the district north and east of the Ozark mountains, south of the Laurentian hills, north of the southern boundary of Virginia, and east of the Missouri river, inclusive of marine species / Chicago:A. C. McClurg, 1916. url .
• A pocket list of the birds of eastern Massachusetts, with especial reference to Essex County, by Albert P. Morse. .. Salem, Mass., Peabody academy of science, 1912. url p. 82.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada / Boston: Little, Brown, 1921. url .
• A preliminary catalog of the birds of Missouri / St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1907. url , .
• A preliminary list of the birds found in Vermont / by George H. Perkins; assisted by Clifton D. Howe. Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., 1901. url .
• A preliminary report on the biology of Harding County, northwestern South Dakota / by Stephen S. Visher. Pierre, S.D.: State Publishing Co., 1914. url p. 87.
• A preliminary review of the birds of Nebraska, with synopses, Omaha, 1904 url , .
• A study of the incubation periods of birds; what determines their lengths, Denver, Col., The Kendrick-Bellamy Co., 1917. url .
• A supplement to The birds of Rhode Island / by Reginald Heber Howe, Jr. and Edward Sturtevant. Middletown, R.I.: [s.n.], 1903. url p. 22.
• A systematic list of the birds of California / by Joseph Grinnell. Hollywood: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1912. url p. 18.
• An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto area of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of geographic races on the margins of their habitats by J. Grinnell and H.S. Swarth. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1913. url p. 223, p. 309, p. 387.
• An ecological survey in northern Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Chas. C. Adams. A report from the University museum, University of Michigan, published by the state Board of geological survey as a part of the report for 1905. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford co., state printers, 1906. url p. 120, p. 120, p. 126, p. 126.
• An ecological survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers, 1909. url .
• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. url p. 460.
• Animal life in the Yosemite; an account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Irwin Storer. .. Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1924. url , , p. 20, p. 568, p. 568, p. 749, p. 749.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url , p. 590.
• Annotated list of the Avery bird collection in the Alabama museum of natural history (Geological survey museum) University, Ala., 1921. url , .
• Annotated list of the birds of Oneida County, N.Y. and of the West Canada Creek Valley. [Utica, N.Y.?]1912. url .
• Annotated list of the birds of Point Pelee. n.p., n.d. url p. 111.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 103, p. 110, p. 499, p. 708.
• Annual report of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., state printers, 1916-1918. url p. 94.
• Annual report of the New Jersey State Museum. Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish & Quigley, url p. 304.
• Appendices A-E: terrestrial resources injury assessment report: upper Clark Fork River NPL sites. Helena?, Mont.: Dept. of Justice?, 1995 url .
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• Bird homes. The nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds, New York, Doubleday & McClure Co., 1900. url , .
• Bird homes: The nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1903. url , .
• Bird homes: the nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States, with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1920, c1904. url , .
• Bird homes: the nests, eggs, and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905, c1904. url , .
• Bird neighbors. An introductory acquaintance with one hundred and fifty birds commonly found in the gardens, meadows, and woods about our homes. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page, 1916. url .
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• Fauna of New England. List of the Araneida. Boston, For Society, 1908. url , p. 10.
• Fauna of New England. by Glover M. Allen. Boston: Society of Natural History, 1909. url p. 10, p. 212.
• Field book of birds of the Panama Canal Zone; a description on the habits, call notes and songs of the birds of the Panama Canal Zone, for the purpose of identifying them. Many of these birds are also common in Central and South America. By Bertha Bement Sturgis; with over 100 illustrations, colour plates, pen-and-ink sketches, and a map of the Panama Canal Zone. London, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1928. url .
• Field book of birds of the southwestern United States, by sqther E. Wyman. .. and Elizabeth F. Burnell. .. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1925. url p. 236, p. 305.
• Field key to the land birds. .. By Edward Knobel. Boston, B. Whidden, 1899. url p. 48.
• Field notes on amphibians, reptiles and birds of northern Humboldt County, Nevada, with a discussion of some of the faunal features of the region, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1912. url , .
• Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. url p. 53.
• Genera avium / Brussels: V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, 1905-1914. url , p. 10, p. 4.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1978 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 148, p. 156, p. 226, p. 267.
• Guide to taxidermy, by Chas. K. Reed and Chester A. Reed. Illustrated by drawings and photographs of mounted specimens by the authors and Mr. N. F. Stone. Worcester, Mass., C.K. Reed, 1914. url p. 299.
• Handbook of birds of eastern North America; with introductory chapters on the study of birds in nature, London, D. Appleton and Company, 1912. url , .
• Handbook of birds of the western United States: including the Great Plains, Great Basin, Pacific Slope, and lower Rio Grande Valley / by Florence Merriam Bailey. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1915, c1902. url p. 454, p. 534.
• Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 77.
• In the Acadian land nature studies / by Robert R. McLeod. Boston: B. Whidden, 1899. url .
• In the Acadian land; nature studies, by Robert R. McLeod. Boston: B. Whidden, 1899. url p. 133.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. LondonPublished for the International Council by the Royal Society of London1901-1920 url p. 126.
• Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 128, p. 128, p. 170, p. 190, p. 190, p. 192, p. 55.
• Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] url p. 534.
• Joy of nature: how to observe and appreciate the great outdoors / [editor, Alma E. Guinness]. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader's Digest Association, c1977. url p. 337.
• Labrador, the country and the people, New York, The Macmillan co., 1913. url .
• Labrador: the country and the people / by Wilfred T. Grenfell and others. New York: Macmillan Co., 1909. url p. 478.
• Lake Maxinkuckee. A physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann...and Howard Walton Clark... [Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 575, p. 657.
• Lake Maxinkuckee: a physical and biological survey / by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. Indianapolis: Dept. of Conservation, 1920. url p. 575, p. 657.
• Lake Superior. [With a narrative of the tour by J. Elliot Cabot. Huntington, N.Y.]R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1974 [c1850] url p. 384.
• Land birds of northern New York: a pocket guide to common land birds of the St. Lawrence Valley and the lowlands in general of northern New York / by Edmund J. Sawyer; illustrated by the author. Watertown, N.Y.: Pub. under the auspices of the Watertown Bird Club, 1916. url p. 28.
• Life and sport on the north shore of the lower St. Lawrence and Gulf, containing chapters on salmon fishing, trapping, the folk-lore of the Montagnais Indians and tales of adventure on the fringe of the Labrador peninsula. By Napoleon A. Comeau. Quebec, Daily Telegraph Printing House, 1909. url p. 418.
• List of North Dakota birds: found in the Big Coulee, Turtle Mountains and Devils Lake region, as noted during the years 1890 to 1896 and verified in the subsequent years to date / by Elmer T. Judd. Cando, N.D.: Published by the author, 1917. url p. 28.
• List of birds found in West Virginia. Charleston, Tribune Printing Co., 1909. url p. 58.
• Louisiana herpetology, with a checklist of the batrachians and reptiles of the state and the avifauna of Louisiana, with an annotated list of the birds of the state / by George E. Beyer. New Orleans: [s.n.]1900. url p. 45.
• Management plan, Robb/Ledford wildlife management area. [Helena]:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, [1999] url .
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 13 1984 San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931-1989. url p. 159, p. 253, p. 274.
• Michigan bird life, a list of all the bird species known to occur in the state together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, wtih special reference to its relation t [Lansing]Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. url , , .
• Michigan bird life: a list of all the bird species known to occur in the State together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, with special reference to its relation t by Walter Bradford Barrows. Lansing: Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. url p. 688, p. 756, p. 815.
• Migration of birds. by Frederick C. Linclon; revised by Steven R. Peterson; associate editor Peter A. Anastasi; illustrated by Bob Hines. Washington: Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. url p. 117.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1965 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 39, p. 4, p. 41, p. 51.
• Miscellaneous publications / University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University, 1916- url p. 79.
• Museum bulletin / Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 104, p. 110.
• Museum paper / Alabama Museum of Natural History. University, Ala.: Alabama Museum of Natural History, 1910-1960. url p. 130, p. 141.
• Museum paper. University, Ala. [etc.]1910- url p. 130, p. 141.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 135.
• Nests and eggs of North American birds: with a chapter on ornithological and oölogical collecting (the preparation of skins, nests and eggs for the cabinet). Toronto: Musson[1900] url p. 479.
• North American birds eggs, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1904. url .
• North American birds eggs, by Chester A. Reed...illustrating the eggs of nearly every species of North American birds. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1904. url p. 351.
• North American birds eggs. New York: Dover Pub, [1965]. url p. 319, p. 351.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. 1959 San Diego, The Society. url p. 26, p. 47.
• Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1913- url p. 15.
• On the birds' highway; Boston, Small, Maynard & Company, 1899. url , .
• Our bird comrades, by Leander S. Keyser. Chicago, Rand, McNally & company, [c1907] url p. 62.
• Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe. .. [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. url p. 521.
• P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution / revised by the Montana Bird Distribution Committee. [Helena, MT]:Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996 url p. 79.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithnological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. url p. 104, p. 104, p. 105, p. 105, p. 108, p. 110, p. 110, p. 114, p. 114, p. 115, p. 115, p. 12, p. 12, p. 120, p. 120, p. 121, p. 125, p. 125, p. 159, p. 161, p. 18, p. 192, p. 57, p. 60, p. 60, p. 61, p. 61, p. 69, p. 69, p. 70, p. 70, p. 75, p. 76, p. 76, p. 86, p. 86, p. 92, p. 92, p. 96, p. 99, p. 99.
• Pamphlets on forestry in Maryland. [1900?- url p. 293, p. 306.
• Pamphlets on forestry in West Virginia. [1900?- url p. 105.
• Portraits and habits of our birds, prepared by various authors, ed. by T. Gilbert Pearson, illustrated with colored plates, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, R. Bruce Horsfall, Edmund J. Sawyer, and Allan Brooks; also. ..photographs and drawin 2 1921 New York city: National association of Audubon societies, 1920- url p. 236.
• Potential wildlife-highway interactions at select mile-markers along Montana Department of Transportation routes an ArcView GIS analysis / Bozeman, Mont.: Fish and Wildlife Management Program, Montana State University, 2001 url .
• Proceedings - California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 63.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url , p. 278, p. 285, p. 334, p. 431, p. 50, p. 63, p. 657, p. 659, p. 797, p. 8.
• Proceedings of the Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences. Manchester, N.H.: The Institute, 1900-1911. url p. 101, p. 125, p. 136, p. 176, p. 218, p. 27, p. 45, p. 47.
• Proceedings of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union. Lincoln, [1900-15] url , p. 28, p. 29, p. 38, p. 52, p. 58.
• Proposed estuarine sanctuary grant award to the state of New York for a Hudson River estuarine sanctuary. Albany, N.Y.: New York, Dept. of Environmental Conservation, [1982] url p. 123.
• Provincial Museum of Natural History and Enthnology. Victoria, B.C., Printed by Richard Wolfenden, 1909. url p. 68.
• Publication. Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago, U.S.A.: The Museum, 1910-1943. url , p. 267, p. 695.
• Publications in zoology = Publications en zoologie. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1970-1982. url p. 109, p. 13, p. 13, p. 14, p. 57.
• Report number I, the natural resources survey of the Conservation and Natural Resources Commission of New Mexico. Santa Fe, N.M.: New Mexican Printing Co., 1911. url p. 59.
• Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1904-1916. url p. 72.
• Results of a biological reconnoisance of the Yukon river region. General account of the region. Annotated list of mammals. By Wilfred H. Osgood. Annotated list of birds. By Louis B. Bishop. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1900. url p. 100, p. 51, p. 53, p. 56, p. 92.
• Results of a biological reconnoissance of the Yukon River region prepared under the direction of C. Hart Merriam. Washington: G.P.O., 1900. url , .
• Results of a biological survey of Mount Shasta, California, Washington, Govt Print. Off., 1899. url , , , , , , .
• Robb/Ledford Wildlife management area: draft management plan. Helena, MT: Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1999 url .
• Roosevelt wild life bulletin. .. of the Roosevelt Life Forest Experiment Station of the New York College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, N.Y.: The University, c1922-[1950] url p. 443, p. 477, p. 486.
• Significance of white markings in birds of the order Passeriformes / Berkeley: The University Press, 1910. url .
• Social feeding behavior of birds. 36 1954 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1954. url p. 9.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 13, p. 17.
• Sport & travel, East and West. London, Longmans, 1901. url p. 240.
• Summer birds of Flathead Lake / by P.M. Silloway. Missoula: University of Montana, 1901. url , .
• Summer birds of Flathead Lake, [Missoula]University of Montana, 1901. url .
• Supplement to the birds of Essex County, Massachusetts / Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1920. url , .
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 13, p. 25.
• The American midland naturalist. 1 1909-1910 Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame. url p. 161, p. 253, p. 7.
• The American oologists' exchange price list of North American birds' eggs, 1922 / compiled by a committee of twenty-five prominent American oologists. Lacon, Ill.: R. Magoon Barnes, 1922. url p. 84.
• The Arctic prairies, a canoe-journey of 2, 000 miles in search of the caribou; being the account of a voyage to the region north of Aylmer Lake. New York, C. Scribner's Sons[c1911] url .
• The Arctic prairies: a canoe-journey of 2, 000 miles in search of the caribou; being the account of a voyage to the region north of Aylmer Lake / by Ernest Thompson Seton. Toronto: W. Briggs, 1911. url p. 402.
• The Arctic prairies; a canoe-journey of 2, 000 miles in search of the caribou; being the account of a voyage to the region north of Aylmer Lake, New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1911. url p. 402.
• The Burgess bird book for children, by Thornton W. Burgess, with illustrations in color by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. 1919 Boston: Little, Brown, and company, 1919. url p. 347.
• The Canadian bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred north American birds, also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs / by Chester A. Reed. Toronto: Musson Book Co., c1914. url p. 467.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. 36 1922 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url mousley , , lewis , , , , critchell-bullock , , p. 101, p. 107, p. 109, p. 11, p. 11, Soper, p. 111, p. 112, p. 113, p. 113, p. 117, p. 117, p. 118, p. 121, p. 121, p. 121, p. 123, p. 125, p. 128, p. 133, p. 135, p. 136, p. 136, p. 140, p. 140, p. 141, p. 142, p. 144, p. 145, p. 145, p. 146, p. 147, p. 149, p. 15, p. 15, p. 151, p. 152, p. 158, p. 164, p. 165, p. 167, p. 167, p. 169, p. 171, p. 176, p. 176, p. 177, p. 179, p. 182, p. 183, p. 185, p. 185, p. 188, p. 19, p. 197, p. 199, p. 20, p. 203, p. 203, p. 209, p. 211, p. 216, p. 216, p. 218, p. 224, p. 226, p. 227, p. 231, p. 231, p. 234, p. 241, p. 25, p. 25, p. 25, p. 259, p. 283, p. 29, p. 303, p. 310, p. 315, p. 32, p. 352, p. 367, p. 368, p. 384, p. 388, p. 4, p. 42, p. 423, p. 428, p. 43, p. 434, p. 438, p. 459, p. 467, p. 469, p. 474, p. 475, p. 48, p. 487, p. 501, p. 507, p. 512, p. 52, p. 52, p. 55, p. 56, p. 575, p. 58, p. 581, p. 59, p. 602, p. 642, p. 643, p. 668, p. 671, p. 678, p. 68, p. 704, p. 708, p. 739, p. 74, p. 752, p. 753, p. 761, p. 77, p. 786, p. 83, p. 87, p. 9, p. 90, p. 93, p. 95, p. 95, p. 96.
• The Great Basin naturalist. 18 1958 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 10, p. 117, p. 255, p. 273, p. 283, p. 325, p. 338, p. 48, p. 483, p. 51, p. 520, p. 56, p. 608, p. 651, p. 653, p. 734.
• The Natural history of the Toronto Region, Ontario, Canada / edited by J.H. Faull. -- Toronto: Canadian Institute, 1913. url p. 236.
• The Ohio journal of science. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science url p. 426, p. 45.
• The University of Colorado studies. Boulder, University of Colorado. url p. 219, p. 241.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. 7 1913 [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. url p. 157, p. 606.
• The Warbler. Floral Park: Mayflower Pub. Co., [1903-1913] url p. 103.
• The avifauna of Louisiana, with an annotated list of the birds of the State [by] Geo. E. Beyer. New Orleans, La., 1900. url p. 45.
• The bird book, illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred North American birds, also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs, Worcester, Mass., C. K. Reed, 1914. url .
• The bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred North American birds; also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1915. url p. 467.
• The birds of Albany County; a catalogue of the species recorded in this vicinity with notes on their lives and habits, and brief field-marks for aid in identification. Containing one plate from a water-color by William S. Barkentin; ten plates from pen and ink drawings by George Louis Richard, and eleven half-tones from photographs. Albany, N. Y.[Press of Brandow printing co.]1907. url p. 176, p. 37.
• The birds of Amherst and vicinity, including nearly the whole of Hampshire county, Massachusetts. Amherst, Mass., Press of Carpenter & Morehouse, 1906. url p. 94.
• The birds of Amherst and vicinity: including nearly the whole of Hampshire County, Massachusetts / Amherst, Mass.: Carpenter & Morehouse, 1906. url .
• The birds of Connecticut, Hartford, Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1913. url , , , .
• The birds of Connecticut, by John Hall Sage and Louis Bennett Bishop, assisted by Walter Parks Bliss. Hartford, Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1913. url p. 173, p. 173, p. 190, p. 190, p. 193, p. 193, p. 368, p. 368.
• The birds of El Paso County, Colorado / Colorado Springs: Published by the authority of the Board of Trustees of Colorado College, 1914 url .
• The birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsylvania / Pittsburgh?: s.l., 1904? url , .
• The birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. By Charles Wendell Townsend, M.D. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1905. url p. 308, p. 348.
• The birds of Fergus County, Montana / by P. M. Silloway. Lewistown, Mont.: Press of the Argus, 1903. url p. 68, p. 7.
• The birds of Illinois and Wisconsin / by Charles B. Cory. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1909. url p. 267, p. 695, p. 760.
• The birds of Iowa / by Rudolph M. Anderson. Davenport, Iowa: Davenport Academy of Sciences, 1907. url p. 373, p. 415.
• The birds of Maine; with key to and description of the various species known to occur or to have occured in the state, an account of their distribution and migration, showing their relative abundance in the various count by Ora Willis Knight. .. Bangor, Me.[printed by C. H. Glass & co.]1908. url p. 600.
• The birds of Massachusetts, Cambridge, Mass., 1901. url , .
• The birds of Massachusetts, by Reginald Heber Howe and Glover Morrill Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1901. url p. 150, p. 150, p. 90, p. 90.
• The birds of New Jersey / by Witmer Stone. Trenton: J.L. Murphy Pub. Co., 1909. url p. 304.
• The birds of North America: one hundred and nineteen artistic colored plates representing the different species and varieties drawn and colored from nature: including a copious text giving a popular account of their habits and 1903 New York: Published under the auspices of the Natural Science Association of America, 1903. url p. 73.
• The birds of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other island Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1901- url , , , , , .
• The birds of Ohio; a complete scientific and popular description of the 320 species of birds found in the state, Columbus, The Wheaton Publishing Co., 1903, [c1902] url , , .
• The birds of Ohio; a revised catalogue, [Columbus?]Academy of Science, 1903. url .
• The birds of Somerset Hills / by John Dryden Kuser. [New Jersey]: Published by the author, 1912 url p. 149.
• The birds of Somerset hills / by John Dryden Kuser. [New Jersey]: Published by the author, 1912 url p. 149.
• The birds of Springfield and vicinity / Springfield, Mass.: Henry R. Johnson, l901. url , .
• The birds of Texas; an annotated check list, Waco, Tex., The University, 1912. url .
• The birds of Virginia, Lynchburg, Va., J. P. Bell Company, Inc., 1913. url , .
• The birds of Washington: a complete, scientific and popular account of the 372 species of birds found in the state / by William Leon Dawson. .. assisted by John Hooper Bowles. .. illustrated by more than 300 original half-tones of birds in life, nests, eggs, and favorite haunts, from photographs by the author and ot Seattle: The Occidental publishing co., 1909. url p. 290.
• The birds of Washington; a complete, scientific and popular account of the 372 species of birds found in the state, by William Leon Dawson, assisted by John Hooper Bowles. Illustrated by more than 300 original half-tones of birds in life, nests, eggs, and favorite haunts, from photographs by the author and others, Seattle: The Occidental Pub. Co., 1909. url p. 290.
• The birds of Wyoming / By Wilbur C. Knight. Laramie, Wyo.: Wyoming Experiment Station, 1902. url p. 333.
• The birds of Wyoming, with an explanation of recent changes in their distribution; economic aspect also considered. By B. H. Grave and Ernest P. Walker. [Laramie]University of Wyoming, 1913. url p. 77.
• The birds of Wyoming. [Laramie, Wyoming Experiment Station]1902. url .
• The birds of eastern North America known to occur east of the nineteenth meridian. .. By Charles B. Cory. Boston, Bay State Pub. Co., 1900, c1899. url p. 385.
• The birds of the Cambridge region of Massachusetts. Cambridge, Mass., The Club, 1906. url , .
• The birds of the Chicago area / [Chicago, Jennings and Graham], 1907. url , .
• The birds of the Chicago area, by Frank Morley Woodruff. .. [Chicago, Printed by Jennings and Graham]1907. url p. 187, p. 212.
• The birds of the Lake St. Martin region, Manitoba / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1937. url p. 36.
• The birds of the Red Deer River, Alberta. n.p., n.d. url p. 262.
• The birds of the vicinity of Lake Nipissing, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum], 1939. url p. 16.
• The breeding birds of Pennsylvania. 1913. url .
• The condor. Santa Clara, Calif.: Cooper Ornithological Club, [1900- url p. 105, p. 151, p. 178, p. 190, p. 208, p. 250, p. 43.
• The faunal connections between Europe and North America. New York, Wiley[1957] url p. 38.
• The history of Upshur county, West Virginia, from its earliest exploration and settlement to the present time. .. Buckhannon?W. Va., pref.1907 url p. 383.
• The land-birds and game-birds of New England with descriptions of the birds, their nests and eggs, their habits and notes. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1903. url .
• The natural history and topography of Groton, Massachusetts / by Samuel Abbott Green. .. [Cambridge, J. Wilson and Son]1912-14. url p. 42.
• The natural history of the Toronto region, Ontario, Canada / edited by J.H. Faull. Toronto: Canadian Institute, 1913. url p. 236.
• The naturalist of the Saint Croix. Memoir of George A. Boardman. A selection from his correspondence and published writings, notices of friends and contemporaries, with his list of the birds of Maine and New Brunswick. By Samuel Lane Boardman... Bangor, Priv. print., 1903. url p. 300, p. 300, p. 300.
• The ornithology of Chester County, Pennsylvania, Boston, R. G. Badger, [c1919] url .
• The second book of birds; bird families, by Olive Thorne Miller, with eight colored plates from designs by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and sixteen other full-page illustrations. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1901. url .
• The sequence of plumages and moults of the passerine birds of New York / Jonathan Dwight. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1900. url p. 299, p. 299.
• The sport of bird-study / by Herbert Keightley Job; profusely illustrated with photographs from life by the author. New York: Macmillan, 1922, c1908. url p. 311.
• The summer birds of Sudbury district, Ontario / [Toronto]: Printed by University of Toronto Press, 1947. url p. 17.
• The summer birds of the northeast shore of Lake Superior, Ontario / [Toronto]: Printed by the University of Toronto Press, 1943. url p. 16.
• The vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake basin, N. Y., n.p., 1909? url .
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- url p. 176, p. 240.
• Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 20 1985 [San Diego]: The Society, 1905-1989. url p. 330, p. 46.
• University of California publications in zoology. Berkeley: University Press, 1906- url p. 106, p. 123, p. 15, p. 223, p. 238, p. 28, p. 309, p. 309, p. 342, p. 387, p. 387, p. 405, p. 415, p. 418, p. 438, p. 444, p. 555, p. 77.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 1 1947 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url p. 207, p. 249, p. 337, p. 697.
• Useful birds and their protection / by Edward Howe Forbush; ill. by the author. .. and others. [Massachusetts]: published under direction of The Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, 1908. url p. 176, p. 434.
• Useful birds and their protection. Containing brief descriptions of the more common and useful species of Massachusetts, with accounts of their food habits, and a chapter on the means of attracting and protecting birds. [Boston, Printed by Wright & Potter]1913. url , .
• Useful birds and their protection: containing brief descriptions of the more common and useful species of Massachusetts, with accounts of their food habits, and a chapter on the means of attracting and protecting birds / by Edward Howe Forbush; illustrated by the author, C. Allan Lyford, Chester A. Reed, and others. Boston: Published under direction of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, by authority of the Legislature, [1907]. url p. 176, p. 434.
• Vertebrates of Ontario, by C. W. Nash. Department of Education, Toronto. Printed by order of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Toronto, L. K. Cameron, 1908 url p. 79.
• Vertebrates of Ontario. TorontoPrint. by order of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario by L.K. Cameron1908 url p. 79.
• Washington State Coastal Zone Management Program amendment no. 3: approval of the Grays Harbor estuary management plan: program draft environmental impact statement. [Olympia, Wash.?]: Grays Harbor Regional Planning Commission; 1983. url p. 8.
• Western birds, by Harriet Williams Myers. New York, The Macmillan company, 1922. url p. 324.
• What bird is that? A pocket museum of the land birds of the eastern United States, arranged according to season. New York, D. Appleton[c1920] url .
• Wild animals of Glacier National Park. The mammals, Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1918. url , .
• Wild birds in city parks; being hints on identifying 200 birds, prepared primarily for the spring migration in Lincoln Park, Chicago, but adapted to other localities, by Herbert Eugene Walter and Alice Hall Walter. [St. Johnsbury, Vt., Press of the St. Johnsbury republican co.]1910. url p. 50.
• Wild life in Canada / by Angus Buchanan; with numerous photographs by the author. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild and Stewart, 1920. url p. 262.
• Wild life in Canada, by Captain Angus Buchanan. .. with numerous photographs by the author. New York: F. A. Stokes, 1920. url p. 262.
• Wildbirds of New York / by Chester A. Reed. Mohonk Lake, N.Y.: Mohonk Salesrooms, c1912. url p. 52.
• Wyoming birds and their value to agriculture, Laramie, Wyoming, 1916. url .
• Yosemite nature notes. [Yosemite National Park, Calif.: Yosemite Natural History Association url p. 117.
• Zoogeography. A symposium presented on August 26-27, 1957 [under the prime auspices of the Pacific Section of the Society of Systematic Zoology] at the Stanford University joint meeting of the American Institute of Washington, 1958. url p. 431.
• Zoology of Colorado, by Theodore D.A. Cockerell. .. Boulder, Col., University of Colorado, 1927. url p. 97.
• [Collected reprints, 1902-1928. s.l., s.n.19--] url , , .
• [Collected reprints, 1911-1931. s.l., s.n., 19--] url , , , , , , , , , .

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Sitta canadensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 04February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 04, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• EMAN Provider: PIROP (Shipboard Surveys)
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of New Mexico Museum of Southwestern Biology Bird Collection
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 5138
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-178784
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2482044
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 178784
• IUCN ID: 242591
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPAZ01010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 287

Footnotes

1. Mean = 28.740 meters (94.291 feet), Standard Deviation = 44.880 based on 138,690 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.