Papilio echerioides

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Papilionidae

'The Papilionidae belong to the Superfamily Papilionoidea, the true butterflies. Swallowtails are worldwide in distribution and comprise approximately 560 species. They are richest in the tropics, and their brilliant colors make them favorites of butterfly enthusiasts. Many swallowtail species, especially in the tropics, mimic other butterflies that are distasteful, while others are distasteful and cause birds and other vertebrate predators to regurgitate. Swallowtail adults are medium to large and may or may not have tails, while parnassian adults are medium, tailless, and have translucent wings . All adult parnassians and swallowtails have three pairs of walking legs , and adults of all species visit flowers for nectar.

'[1]

Subfamily Papilioninae

Swallowtails are members of the Family Papilionidae. They comprise about 560 species, have a worldwide distribution, and are richest in the tropics. Many are brilliantly colored and are favorites of butterfly enthusiasts. Many species, especially those in the tropics, mimic other butterflies that are distasteful, while others are distasteful and cause birds and other vertebrate predators to regurgitate. Adults are medium to large, may or may not have tails, and have three pairs of walking legs . Adults of all species visit flowers for nectar. Males of most species patrol for mates, while males of one group (Black, Old World, Anise, and Indra Swallowtails) perch on hilltops or ridges instead of patrolling . Swallowtails lay globular eggs and overwinter as pupae. Some species spend more than one year in the pupal stage, likely to survive drought years when little caterpillar food is available. In arid areas, the Black, Anise, and Indra Swallowtails often display this strategy.

Habitat

Biome: Terrestrial [2].

Ecology: The species occupies temperate evergreen forest . Females keep almost exclusively to the shady undergrowth of the forest. The four subspecies found in Tanzania are found at different altitudinal ranges from 250 m up to 2,400 m (Kielland 1990, Congdon and Collins 1998). Both sexes are fond of flowers, especially Impatiens species, and males occasionally mud-puddle.  Males sometimes come to horse manure or cow pats (Larsen 1991). Larval host-plants include Clausena anisata, Zanthoxylum capense, Toddalia asiatica, Zanthoxylum delagoense, Teclea species,Vepris lanceolata and Citrus species.[2].

List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     1.9     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane   
[more info]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Papilio echerioides ambangulu Clifton & Collins • Papilio echerioides imatonga Clifton & Collins • Papilio echerioides kiellandi Clifton & Collins • Papilio echeroides Trimen • Papilio homeyeri Plötz • Papilio zoroastres Druce • Papilio zoroastres var. gabrieli Gauthier

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

First described: Trimen, R. On some undescribed Species of South African butterflies including a new genus of Lycaenidae. Trimen, R. (1868) On some undescribed Species of South African butterflies including a new genus of Lycaenidae. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 16 (1): 69-96; pls. 5-6., 1868.

Comment: ST ([mm], [ff], IV .1863, II.1865, I.1866, 8.III.1867)

Last scrutiny: 16-Jan-2008

Fourteen subspecies have been described, listed below. It should be noted that ssp. zoroastres is isolated in Bioko and the Cameroon highlands: it was described as a distinct species and given the huge disjunction may actually deserve species status, but most authors presently treat is as subspecies.

Papilio echerioides oscari, Rothschild, 1902

Papilio echerioides zoroastres, Druce, 1878

Papilio echerioides wertheri, Karsch, 1898,

Papilio echerioides shirensis, Hancock, 1987,

Papilio echerioides pseudowertheri, Kielland, 1990,


 

Papilio echerioides nyiro, Carcasson, 1962,

Papilio echerioides leucospilus, Rothschild, 1902,

Papilio echerioides nioka, Hancock, 1989,

Papilio echerioides kiellandi, Clifton & Collins, 1997,

Papilio echerioides joiceyi, Gabriel, 1945,

Papilio echerioides homeyeri, Plötz, 1880,

Papilio echerioides ambangulu, Clifton & Collins, 1997,

Papilio echerioides chirindanus, van Son, 1956,

Papilio echerioides echerioides, Trimen, 1868.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[2].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Papilio

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 81 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. aegus (Citrus Swallowtail) · P. anchisiades (Ruby-Spotted Swallowtail) · P. andraemon (Bahaman Swallowtail) · P. androgeus (Androgeus Swallowtail) · P. antimachus (African Giant Swallowtail) · P. appalachiensis (Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail) · P. aristodemus (Schaus' Swallowtail) · P. aristodemus ponceanus (Papilio Aristodemus) · P. aristor (Scarce Haitian Swallowtail) · P. astyalus (Broad-Banded Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda bretonensis (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda brevicauda (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda gaspeensis (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. caiguanabus (Poey's Black Swallowtail) · P. canadensis (Canadian Tiger Swallowtail) · P. chikae (Luzon Peacock Swallowtail) · P. cresphontes (Giant Swallowtail) · P. cyproeofila (Common White-Banded Swallowtail) · P. demodocus (Citrus Swallowtail) · P. demodocus demodocus (Citrus Swallowtail Butterfly) · P. demoleus (Checkered Swallowtail Butterfly) · P. echerioides (White-Banded Swallowtail) · P. eurymedon (Pale Swallowtail) · P. garamas abderus (Abderus Swallowtail) · P. garamus (Magnificent Swallowtail) · P. glaucus (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus australis (Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus canadensis (Canadian Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus garcia (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus glaucus (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail) · P. homerus (Homerus Swallowtail) · P. hospiton (Corsican Swallowtail) · P. hyppason (Hyppason Swallowtail) · P. indra (Indra Swallowtail) · P. indra calcicola (Indra Swallowtail) · P. indra fordi (Ford's Swallowtail) · P. indra kaibabensis (Grand Canyon Swallowtail) · P. indra martini (Martin's Swallowtail) · P. indra minori (Minor's Swallowtail) · P. indra panamintensis (Panamint Swallowtail) · P. indra pergamus (Edwards' Swallowtail) · P. indra phyllisae (Indra Swallowtail) · P. indra pygmaeus (Indra Swallowtail) · P. joanae (Ozark Swallowtail) · P. jordani (Jordan's Swallowtail) · P. leucotaenia (Cream-Banded Swallowtail) · P. machaon (Old World Swallowtail) · P. machaon aliaska (Alaskan Old World Swallowtail) · P. machaon bairdii (Baird's Swallowtail) · P. machaon hudsonianus (Hudsonian Old World Swallowtail) · P. machaon oregonius (Oregon Swallowtail) · P. memnon (Great Mormon Butterfly) · P. menatius (Menatius Swallowtail) · P. morondavana (Madagascan Emperor Swallowtail) · P. multicaudata (Two-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. multicaudata multicaudata (Two-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. multicaudatus (Two-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. ornythion (Ornythion Swallowtail) · P. palamedes (Palamedes Swallowtail) · P. palinurus (Emerald Swallowtail) · P. phorbanta (Papillon La Pature) · P. pilumnus (Three-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. polytes (Common Mormon) · P. polyxenes (Black Swallowtail) · P. polyxenes asterius (Black Swallowtail) · P. polyxenes coloro (Desert Black Swallowtail) · P. polyxenes asterius f. pseudoamericus (Black Swallowtail) · P. rogeri (Pink-Spotted Swallowtail) · P. rogeri pharnaces (Pink-Spotted Swallowtail) · P. rumanzovia (Scarlet Mormon Swallowtail) · P. rutulus (Western Tiger Swallowtail) · P. sjoestedti (Kilimanjaro Swallowtail) · P. thoas (Thoas Swallowtail) · P. torquatus (Torquatus Swallowtail) · P. troilus (Coastal Spicebush Swallowtail) · P. victorine (Victorine Swallowtail) · P. victorinus (Victorine Swallowtail) · P. xuthus (Xuthus Swallowtail) · P. zelicaon (Anise Swallowtail) · P. zelicaon nitra (Nitra Swallowtail)

More Info

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Further Reading

• An outline of the theory of organic evolution with a description of some of the phenomena which it explains. New York, MacMillan, 1906. url p. 209.
• Bulletin of the Hill Museum: a magazine of lepidopterology; Edited by J. J. Joicey. Issued at the Hill Museum, Wormley, Witley. London: John Bale, sons & Danielsson, 1921- url p. 652.
• Essays on evolution 1889-1907, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1908. url , .
• Essays on evolution 1889-1907, by Edward Bagnall Poulton. Oxford, Claredon Press, 1908. url p. 375.
• Essays on evolution 1889-1907. OxfordClarendon Press1908 url p. 375, p. 388.
• Mimicry in butterflies, Cambridge, University Press, 1915. url .
• Mimicry in butterflies, by Reginald Crundall Punnett. .. Cambridge, University press, 1915. url p. 19.
• Nature. London, etc., Macmillan Journals Ltd., etc. url p. 244, p. 340.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 18 1895 Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 763.
• Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London: Academic Press, [etc.], 1833-1965. url p. 70, p. 737.
• South African journal of natural history. Pretoria, South African Biological Society. url p. 105.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 203.
• The Entomologist's monthly magazine. Oxford [etc.]Entomologist's Monthly Magazine Ltd. [etc.] url p. 127.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 257, p. 260.
• The Entomologist. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., [1877- url p. 33, p. 33.
• The Hope reports. Oxford: Printed for private circulation, 1897-1958. url , p. 124, p. 127, p. 19, p. 39, p. 41, p. 518.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. London: Academic Press [etc.], 1865-1968. url p. 237, p. 289, p. 291, p. 292, p. 293, p. 294, p. 298, p. 299, p. 300, p. 301, p. 302, p. 303, p. 304, p. 309, p. 313, p. 314, p. 327, p. 358, p. 361, p. 371, p. 372, p. 375, p. 377, p. 381, p. 382.
• The evolution theory, London, E. Arnold, 1904. url .
• The evolution theory. Translated with the author's co-operation by J. Arthur Thomson and Margaret R. Thomson. LondonE. Arnold1904 url p. 101.
• Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book IUCN url p. 178.
• Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. London, The Society. url , , , p. 32, p. 324, p. 331, p. 334.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• GloBIS (GART)
• GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System. Release date: November 23, 2008
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Larsen, T.B. 2011. Papilio echerioides. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 03February2012.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3387210
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Gar-195
• IUCN ID: 229766
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 848702

Footnotes

1. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy?f=14&sci=Papilionidae&com=Parnassians and Swallowtails [back]
2. Larsen, T.B. 2011. Papilio echerioides. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.