Overview
Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in English:
yuma myotis
Common Names in Spanish:
Miotis de Yuma
Description
Habitat
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,086 meters (0 to 6,844 feet).[1]
Ecology:
This species is found in a variety of habitats
, ranging from juniper
and riparian
woodlands to desert regions near open water
(Nowak,
1991). One is almost guaranteed to find this species wherever there
are rivers
, streams
, ponds
, lakes
, etc.
In fact, it is more closely
associated with water than any other North American species of bat
(Barbour and Davis, 1969). When not near water over which to forage
,
these animals can be found in the thousands roosting in caves, attics,
buildings, mines, underneath bridges
, and other similar structures.
Little is known about the migration of this species. However, it
has been recorded in Texas as well as in its normal range
during
the winter season
(Allen, 1994). This bat is a very efficient insectivorous
feeder
that begins foraging
at dusk and usually finishes two hours
after sunset (Barbour and Davis, 1969).[2].
List of Habitats:
- 1 Forest
- 1.4 Forest - Temperate
- 7 Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)
- 7.1 Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves
- 14 Artificial/Terrestrial [more info]
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- animals
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
)
- (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
)
- Grobben, 1908
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
)
- (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
)
- Bateson, 1885
- Chordates
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
)
- Cuvier, 1812
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
)
- auct.
- Jawed Vertebrates
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
)
- Goodrich, 1930
- Class:
Mammalia
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
(
)
- (Rowe, 1988) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
(
)
- (Wible et al., 1995) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
(
)
- McKenna, 1975
- Legion:
Cladotheria
(
)
- McKenna, 1975
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
(
)
- McKenna, 1975
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
(
)
- (McKenna, 1975) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Supercohort:
Theria
(
)
- (Parker & Haswell, 1897) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Cohort:
Placentalia
(
)
- (Owen, 1837) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
(
)
- (Mckenna, 1975) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
(
)
- (McKenna, 1975) McKenna, in Stucky & McKenna, in Benton, ed., 1993
- Grandorder:
Archonta
(
)
- (Gregory, 1910) McKenna, 1975
- Order:
Chiroptera
(
)
- Blumenbach, 1779
- Suborder:
Microchiroptera
(
)
- Dobson, 1875
- Infraorder:
Yangochiroptera
(
)
- Koopman, 1984
- Superfamily:
Vespertilionoidea
(
)
- (Gray, 1821) Gill, 1872
- Family:
Vespertilionidae
(
)
- Gray, 1821
- Subfamily:
Vespertilioninae
(
)
- Subfamily:
Vespertilioninae
(
- Family:
Vespertilionidae
(
- Superfamily:
Vespertilionoidea
(
- Infraorder:
Yangochiroptera
(
- Suborder:
Microchiroptera
(
- Order:
Chiroptera
(
- Grandorder:
Archonta
(
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
(
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
(
- Cohort:
Placentalia
(
- Supercohort:
Theria
(
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
(
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
(
- Legion:
Cladotheria
(
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
(
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
(
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
(
- Class:
Mammalia
(
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 08-Jun-2004
Apparently closely related to velifer.[2].
Similar Species
Members of the genus Myotis
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 134 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
M. abei (Sakhalin Myotis) · M. adversus (Large-Footed Myotis) · M. aelleni (Southern Myotis) · M. albescens (Silver-Tipped Myotis) · M. alcathoe (ALCATHOE WHISKERED BAT) · M. altarium (South-Western Mouse-Eared Bat) · M. anjouanensis (Anjouan Myotis) · M. annamiticus (Annamit Myotis) · M. annectans (Hairy Faced Bat) · M. atacamensis (Atacaman Myotis) · M. ater (Peters's Myotis) · M. atra (Peters's Myotis) · M. aurascens (Steppe Whiskered Bat) · M. auriculus (Southwestern Myotis) · M. australis (Ustrailian Myotis) · M. austroriparius (Mouse-Eared Bats) · M. austroriparius austroriparius (Southeastern Myotis) · M. bechsteini (Bechstein's Bat) · M. bechsteinii (Bechstein's Myotis) · M. blythii (Lesser Mouse-Eared Myotis) · M. bocagei (Rufous Mouse-Eared Bat) · M. bocagei bocagei (Rufous Mouse-Eared Bat) · M. bocagii (Rufous Mouse-Eared Bat) · M. bombinus (Far Eastern Myotis) · M. brandti (Brandt's Bat) · M. brandtii (Brandt's Myotis) · M. bucharensis (Bokhara Whiskered Bat) · M. californicus (Californian Myotis) · M. californicus californicus (Californis Myotis) · M. capaccinii (Long-Fingered Bat) · M. capaccinii capaccinii (Long-Fingered Bat) · M. chiloensis (Chilean Myotis) · M. chinensis (Large Myotis) · M. ciliolabrum (Western Small-Footed Myotis) · M. ciliolabrum ciliolabrum (Western Small-Footed Myotis) · M. cobanensis (Guatemalan Myotis) · M. csorbai (Csorbas Mouse-Eared Myotis.) · M. dasycneme (Pond Myotis) · M. daubentoni (Daubenton's Bat) · M. daubentonii (Daubenton's Myotis) · M. davidii (David's Myotis) · M. dominicensis (Dominican Myotis) · M. elegans (Elegant Myotis) · M. emarginatus (GEOFFROY'S MYOTIS) · M. emarginatus emarginatus (Geoffroy's Bat) · M. evotis (Long-Eared Myotis) · M. evotis evotis (Long-Eared Myotis) · M. fimbriatus (Fringed Long-Footed Myotis) · M. findleyi (Findley's Myotis) · M. formosus (Hodgson's Myotis) · M. formosus formosus (Hodgson's Bat) · M. fortidens (Cinnamon Myotis) · M. fortidens fortidens (Cinnamon Myotis) · M. frater (Long-Tailed Whiskered Bat) · M. gomantongensis (Gomantong Myotis) · M. goudoti (Malagasy Mouse-Eared Bat) · M. grisescens (Mouse-Eared Bats) · M. hajastanicus (Armenian Myotis) · M. hasseltii (Lesser Large-Footed Myotis) · M. hermani (Herman's Myotis) · M. horsfieldii (Horsfield's Myotis) · M. hosonoi (Hosono's Myotis) · M. ikonnikovi (Ikonnikov's Whiskered Bat) · M. insularum (Insular Myotis) · M. keaysi (Hairy-Legged Myotis) · M. keenii (Northern Long-Eared Bat) · M. laniger (Chinese Water Myotis) · M. leibii (Western Small-Footed Myotis) · M. leibii leibii (Eastern Small-Footed Myotis) · M. lesueuri (Lesueur's Hairy Bat) · M. levis (Yellowish Myotis) · M. levis levis (Yellowish Myotis) · M. longipes (Kashmir Cave Bat) · M. lucifugus (Little Brown Myotis) · M. lucifugus lucifugus (Little Brown Myotis) · M. macrodactylus (Big-Footed Myotis) · M. macropus (Large-Footed Myotis) · M. macrotarsus (Philippine Large-Footed Myotis) · M. martiniquensis (Schwartz's Myotis) · M. melanorhinus (Dark-Nosed Small-Footed Myotis) · M. milleri (Miller's Myotis) · M. moluccarum (Maluku Myotis) · M. montivagus (Burmese Whiskered Myotis) · M. morrisi (Morris's Bat) · M. muricola (Nepalese Whiskered Bat) · M. myotis (Greater Mouse-Eared Bat) · M. mystacinus (WHISKERED MYOTIS) · M. nattereri (Natterer's Bat) · M. nesopolus (Curacao Myotis) · M. nigricans (Black Myotis) · M. nipalensis (Nepal Myotis) · M. occultus (Arizona Myotis) · M. oreias (Singaporese Whiskered Myotis) · M. oxyotus (Montane Myotis) · M. ozensis (Honshu Myotis) · M. peninsularis (Peninsular Myotis) · M. pequinius (Peking Myotis) · M. pilosus (Rickett's Big-Footed Myotis) · M. planiceps (Flat-Headed Myotis) · M. pruinosus (Blackish Whiskered Bat)
More Info
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Further Reading
- A catalogue of the collection of mammals in the Field Columbian Museum. 1907 8 Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1907. url p. 501, p. 502, p. 629.
- A check list of mammals of the North American continent, the West Indies and the neighboring seas. Chicago, 1905. url p. 475, p. 475, p. 639.
- A list of mammals collected by Edmund Heller, in the San Pedro Martir and Hanson Laguna Mountains and the accompanying coast regions of Lower California, with descriptions of apparently new species, by D. G. Elliot. 3 1903 Chicago, 1903. url p. 232.
- A list of the land and sea mammals of North America north of Mexico. Supplement to the synopsis. By D.G. Elliot. 2 1901 Chicago, 1901. url p. 517.
- A manual of land and fresh water vertebrate animals of the United States (exclusive of birds) by Henry Sherring Pratt. .. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., inc.[c1935] url p. 410, p. 416.
- A preliminary survey of the bats of the Deerlodge National Forest Montana: 1991 / by Thomas W. Butts for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Deerlodge National Forest. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [c1993] url p. 16, p. 30.
- A survey of the bats of the Deerlodge National Forest Montana: 1992 / by Thomas W. Butts for the Deerlodge National Forest, U.S. Forest Service. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [c1993] url p. 27, p. 34.
- A synopsis of the mammals of North America and the adjacent seas, by Daniel Giraud Elliot... 2 1901 Chicago, [Field Columbia Museum]1901. url p. 455.
- Assessment of abandoned mines for bat use on Bureau of Land Management lands in the Phillipsburg, Montana area, 1999 / a report to Bureau of Land Management, Missoula Field Office; submitted by Paul Hendricks. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2000. url p. 12.
- Assessment of mines for importance to bat species of concern, southwestern Montana / submitted by H. Peter Feigley. .. [et al.]. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1997] url p. 1.
- Bat survey of the Kootenai National Forest, Montana: 1994 / a report to USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest; submitted by Paul Hendricks. .. [et al.]. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1995. url , p. 4.
- Bat surveys of Azure Cave and the Little Rocky Mountains: 1996: a progress report to USDI, Bureau of Land Management / Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1997. url .
- Bat surveys on USFS Northern Region land in Montana: 2005 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2005. url , .
- Bats of Montana / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1995] url .
- Bats of the Kootenai National Forests, Montana: a report to USDA Forest Service / submitted by Paul Hendricks. .. [et al.]. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [c1996] url , , , , , p. 22.
- Bats surveys on USFS Northern Region lands in Montana: 2007 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2009. url , , , , p. 11, p. 2, p. 20.
- Brigham Young University science bulletin. 1 1958 Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] url p. 72.
- Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url , p. 10, p. 14, p. 150, p. 156, p. 158, p. 27, p. 271, p. 291, p. 41, p. 53, p. 539, p. 54, p. 56, p. 573, p. 61, p. 62, p. 65, p. 66, p. 68, p. 69, p. 70, p. 71, p. 72, p. 73, p. 75, p. 76, p. 88, p. 90, p. 91.
- Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 538, p. 579.
- Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1971- url , p. 108, p. 110, p. 111, p. 112, p. 264, p. 90.
- California mammals / San Diego, Ca.: West Coast Pub. Co., 1906. url .
- California mammals / by Frank Stephens; illustrated by W. J. Fenn from studies in the field. San Diego, Calif.: West Coast Pub. Co., 1906. url p. 263, p. 302, p. 344.
- Catalogue of mammals collected by E. Heller in Southern California, by D. G. Elliot. 3 1904 Chicago, 1904. url p. 318, p. 319.
- Distribution of the land vertebrates of southeastern Washington, by Lee Raymond Dice. Berkeley, University of California press1916. url p. 310, p. 313.
- Journal of mammalogy. Baltimore, Md.: American Society of Mammalogists url p. 11, p. 173.
- List of North American land mammals in the United States National Museum, 1911; by Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. url p. 56.
- Mammals of Utah / Kaysville, Utah: Inland Printing Company, 1922. url .
- Mine assessments for bat activity, Garnet Resource Area, BLM: 1997 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1997. url .
- Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1969 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url fig. 9, page 121, p. 332, p. 333, p. 5, p. 5.
- Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kan.: The Museum. url , p. 322, p. 349, p. 357, p. 409, p. 56, p. 57, p. 59, p. 60, p. 63, p. 65, p. 69.
- Name that animal; a guide to the identification of the common land and fresh-water animals of the United States, with special reference to the area east of the Rockies. With drawings by Olive Driver. Northampton? Mass., 1950 url p. 487.
- North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 19, p. 20, p. 207, p. 210, p. 22, p. 23, p. 26, p. 27, p. 33, p. 370, p. 372, p. 38, p. 392, p. 412, p. 413, p. 414, p. 6, p. 61, p. 66, p. 67, p. 68, p. 70, p. 72, p. 73, p. 84.
- Occasional papers / Tulane University, Museum of Natural History. 1982 [Belle Chasse, La.]: The Museum, 1977- url p. 4, p. 4.
- Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kan.: The University, 1971-1994. url , p. 20, p. 21, p. 25.
- Physiological mammalogy. Edited by William V. Mayer and Richard G. Van Gelder. New York, Academic Press, 1963- url p. 122.
- Population ecology of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, in Indiana and north-central Kentucky / by Stephen R. Humphrey and James B. Cope. [Stillwater, Okla.]: American Society of Mammalogists, 1976. url p. 5.
- Potential wildlife-highway interactions at select mile-markers along Montana Department of Transportation routes an ArcView GIS analysis / Bozeman, Mont.: Fish and Wildlife Management Program, Montana State University, 2001 url , , .
- Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 590, p. 590.
- Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 11, p. 167, p. 173, p. 175, p. 177, p. 258, p. 259, p. 28, p. 28, p. 45.
- Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 438, p. 760, p. 797.
- Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 175.
- Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 169, p. 170.
- Publication. Field Columbian Museum. Chicago, U.S.A.: The Museum, 1895-1909. url p. 475, p. 572, p. 577, p. 639, p. 759, p. 801, p. 801.
- Readings in mammalogy / selected from the original literature and introduced with comments by J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Sydney Anderson. [Lawrence, Kans.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1970. url p. 169.
- Revisions of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionid[a]e by Gerrit S. Miller; prepared under the direction of C. Hart Merriam. Washington: G.P.O., 1897. url .
- Riparian bat surveys in eastern Montana / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2006. url , , , .
- Roost environments for bats using abandoned mines in southwestern Montana: a preliminary assessment / [prepared by Paul Hendricks and David Kampwerth]. Helena, MT: Montana Heritage Program, c2001. url .
- Selected readings in mammalogy: selected from the original literature and introduced with comments / by J. Knox Jones, Jr., Sydney Anderson, and Robert S. Hoffmann. Lawrence, Kan.: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1976. url p. 29.
- Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 69 1921 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 214.
- Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 6, p. 8.
- Systematic results of the study of North American land mammals to the close of the year 1900, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and James A. G. Rehn. Boston, Society of Natural History, 1901. url p. 256, p. 256.
- The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, url p. 494.
- The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. url p. 141, p. 204, p. 339, p. 340.
- The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 419.
- The Great Basin naturalist. 2 1941 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 135, p. 473, fig. 1, page 69.
- The land and sea mammals of Middle America and the West Indies. 4 1904 Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1904. url p. 759, p. 801.
- The mammals and life zones of Oregon. By Vernon Bailey. Washington[U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1936. url p. 370, p. 372, p. 414.
- Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 13 1964 [San Diego]: The Society, 1905-1989. url p. 93, p. 94.
- Tulane studies in zoology. 12 1965 New Orleans: Tulane University, 1953-1968. url p. 96, fig. 2, page 97, fig. 3, page 98.
- University of California publications in zoology. Berkeley: University Press, 1906- url p. 10, p. 224, p. 251, p. 263, p. 264, p. 273, p. 276, p. 279, p. 299, p. 310, p. 313, p. 314, p. 398, p. 400, p. 9.
- University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 2 1948 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url fig. 33, page 147, fig. 34, page 149, p. 151, p. 154, fig. 39, page 157, p. 179, p. 39, p. 42, p. 441, p. 442, p. 443, p. 529, p. 549, p. 620, p. 646, p. 73, p. 741.
Notes
Contributors
- Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Ticul Alvarez Castaneda, S. 2008. Myotis yumanensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 02February2012.
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 30, 2012.
- Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
- Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. Myotis yumanensis. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 20 October 2006.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 02, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 14 providers.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
- Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 02, 2008:
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
- Burke Museum: Mammal Specimens
- Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Colección de Mamíferos de la Sierra Volcánica Transversal de México (UAM-I)
- Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad: Colección de Mamíferos de Nuevo León, México (UANL)
- Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate specimens
- Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
- Michigan State University Museum: Vertebrate specimens
- Museum of Texas Tech University (TTU): Mammal specimens
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
- Royal Ontario Museum: Mammal specimens
- Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
- Sternberg Museum of Natural History: Mammal Collection
- UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNMA/Coleccion Nacional de Mamiferos
- University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of Alaska Museum Mammal Collection
- University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of New Mexico Museum of Southwestern Biology Mammal Collection
- University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-180004
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 180004
- IUCN ID: 225164
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AMACC01020
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 7950
Footnotes
- Mean = 686.810 meters (2,253.314 feet), Standard Deviation = 604.000 based on 96 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
- Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Ticul Alvarez Castaneda, S. 2008. Myotis yumanensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 February 2012. [back]
