Meleagris gallopavo

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Preferred habitats include mature forests , open woodlands, and farm areas.

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine-oak forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine forests • Minimum Elevation: 1,200 meters • Maximum Elevation: 2,500 meters • Foraging Strata: Terrestrial • Center of Abundance: Middle montane: mountains, middle range, 1,600-2,600 m. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[2]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1    Forest  
  
•     1.4    Forest - Temperate  
  
•     1.5    Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry  
  
•     2    Savanna  
  
•     2.1    Savanna - Dry  
  
•     3    Shrubland  
  
•     3.4    Shrubland - Temperate  
  
•     3.5    Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry  
  
•     3.8    Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation  
  
•     4    Grassland  
  
•     4.4    Grassland - Temperate  
  
•     14    Artificial/Terrestrial  
  
•     14.1    Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land  
  
•     14.2    Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland  

Biology

Diet

During the non-breeding season , the birds forage in flocks on the ground for acorns , seeds, some leaves, salamanders, worms, snails, and insects. Food items are swallowed whole and ground up in the bird's gizzard . Adults and poults succumb to predation by Raccoon, foxes, and Bobcats. Nests may be attacked by Raccoons, Opossums, skunks, foxes, snakes , and rodents. Wild populations sometimes become infected by diseases transmitted by domesticated fowl such as chickens and domestic turkeys.

Turkeys eat a variety of foods, including pine and pinon nuts and other mast in the winter, and berries , grass , insects, and fruits when available. Green vegetation is important in their diet in the spring . In the wintertime, juniper berries and tall grass are usually available to turkeys. The birds move to lower elevations to escape severe winter in higher elevations.[1]

Reproduction

The Wild Turkey is a non-territorial, polygynous bird. Males perform courtship displays by strutting and gobbling. Females mate with them and then nest by themselves. Nests are shallow depressions scratched into the ground . Common habitat for nesting is open woodland. Nests are often concealed under brush , grass , or shrubs . Egg-laying begins in late March; 10 to 12 eggs are laid. Eggs are white with light brown spots. Incubation lasts 28 days. Within one day of hatching , the precocial young birds, called poults, are able to walk. By day two, the hen and poults form an organized feeding line . Hen and young remain together and may join other brood flocks through the summer and fall . Male young leave the brood hen in late fall to join other males. Female young leave the following spring . At this time the female flocks break up, forming smaller groups of females attended by 1 - 4 adult males.

After mating in March and April, females make their nests, usually shallow depressions in pine needles and grass. Hens lay from nine to 12 eggs over a period of two to three weeks. The hen does not protect the eggs during this time, and freezing weather in late spring can kill many of the eggs. Nests are usually at the base of a tree and have deadfall or blowndown wood . There is usually a long, narrow opening where hens lead poults after they hatch . Here they find insects that comprise their diet for the first few months. These openings are called brood lanes. The average distance from water to a nest is a third of a mile . About 35 percent of mature hens are successful in producing eggs.[1]

Most hens begin incubating their Merriam's subspecies Rio Grande subspecies Gould's subspecies eggs by late May. After an incubation of about 28 days, poults hatch and are soon able to forage for food with their mother. She often joins up with two or three other hens, and they raise their families together. Young turkeys grow rapidly, and as soon as they are able, they roost in trees at night, where they are much safer than on the ground. Roost trees, usually mature ponderosa pines, are tall and have horizontal branches. They are used over and over, and may sometimes be recognized by accumulated droppings. By late September, poults are nearly the size of hens. Large groups of hens and poults stay together in the winter, and young birds become completely independent only when hens leave them to start the breeding cycle again.[1]

Breeding Habitat: Woodland Clutch Size: 8-15 Length of Incubation: 27-28 days Days to Fledge : 6-10 Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Nonmigratory

Behavior

Predators:

Predators take a large toll on turkey populations, with bobcats and coyotes being the most efficient in late winter and early spring . Other predators include skunks, bears, and raccoons. Poults are susceptible to predation by hawks and owls for the first few weeks.[1]

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 08-Jun-2005

Similar Species

The Wild Turkey is much larger than other wild fowl birds.

Members of the genus Meleagris

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 10 species and subspecies in this genus:

M. gallopavo (Common Wild Turkey) · M. gallopavo ellioti (Rio Grande Turkey) · M. gallopavo gallopavo (South Mexican Turkey) · M. gallopavo intermedia (Wild Turkey) · M. gallopavo merriami (Wild Turkey) · M. gallopavo mexicana (Gould's Turkey) · M. gallopavo onusta (Moore's Turkey) · M. gallopavo osceola (Wild Turkey) · M. gallopavo silvestris (Eastern Wild Turkey) · M. ocellata (Occelated Turkey)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A catalogue of Canadian birds with notes on the distribution of the species / by Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B.: J. McMillan, 1887. url , p. 53.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds, By Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B., J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url p. 136, p. 136, p. 53, p. 53.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds: with notes on the distribution of the species / Saint John, N.B.: J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url , .
• A catalogue of the birds of Indiana / by Amos W. Butler. S.l.: s.n., 1891? url p. 43, p. 43.
• A catalogue of the birds of the Virginias / by Wm. C. Rives. Newport, R.I.: Printed for the Society by T.T. Pitman, 1890. url p. 59, p. 97.
• A dictionary of birds, by Alfred Newton, assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker. .. Charles S. Roy. .. and Robert W. Shufeldt. .. London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. url p. 996, p. 996.
• A distributional list of the birds of Arizona / Hollywood, Calif.: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1914. url , , .
• A hand-book to the game-birds / by W.R. Ogilvie-Grant. London: E. Lloyd, 1896-1897. url p. 103, p. 105.
• A hand-book to the game-birds. By W.R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, Edward Lloyd, Ltd., 1896-1897. url p. 103, p. 105, p. 106.
• A history of North American birds / by S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Boston: Little, Brown, 1905. url , p. 403, p. 404, p. 405, p. 410, p. 412.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, London, Witherby & Co., 1912. url .
• A list of the birds of Florida / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 11.
• A list of the birds of Maine, showing their distribution by counties and their status in each county. Prepared under the auspices of the United ornithologists of Maine by Ora W. Knight. .. Augusta, Kennebec journal print, 1897. url p. 173, p. 56.
• A list of the birds of Maryland / F.C. Kirkwood. Baltimore, Md., 1895. url p. 296.
• A list of the birds of Maryland, giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds; also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded. By F.C. Kirkwood. .. Baltimore: [Maryland Academy of Sciences], 1895. url p. 296, p. 296, p. 378, p. 378.
• A list of the birds of Maryland: giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds, also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded / Baltimore: Deutsch Lithographing & Print. Co.; 1895. url , .
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• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 20.
• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url .
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• First report: accompanied with Notes on the birds of Minnesota, by P. L. Hatch. 1892. url p. 169, p. 458, p. 477.
• Fish and Wildlife Habitat Changes Resulting from Construction of a Nine-Foot Channel on Pools 24, 25, and 26 of the Mississippi River and the Lower Illinois River, Ft. BelvoirDefense Technical Information CenterAPR 1979. url p. 439.
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• Game birds and game fishes of the Pacific Coast, by H. T. Payne. With ready reference diagrams of each family, giving the scientific and common names of each genus and species, their relationship, breeding grounds and general range. Los Angeles: News Publishing Co., [c1913] url p. 31, p. 33.
• Game birds of America. New York, Mentor Association, 1913. url .
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• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1976 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 221.
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• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the text. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. url p. 136.
• History of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Illustrating 529 birds. Topeka, Kan., G. W. Crane, 1891. url p. 230, p. 230, p. 687, p. 687.
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• International catalogue of scientific literature. London, : Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1904-1916. url p. 1355, p. 59, p. 7, p. 89.
• Invitation to birds; a few of the common birds of Illinois, an invitation to know and enjoy them. Illus. by the author. Springfield, 1948. url p. 63.
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• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1965 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 19, p. 2, p. 20.
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• Natural history of the animal kingdom for the use of young people: in three parts, comprising I. Mammalia: II. Birds: Part III. Reptiles, amphibia, fishes, insects, worms, molluscs, zoophytes, &c.: with 91 coloured plates, including about 850 figures, and numerous adapted from the German of Professor von Schubert by W.F. Kirby. 1889 Brighton: E. & J.B. Young and Co., 1889. url plate XXIII.
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• P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution / revised by Susan Lenard. .. [et al.]. Helena: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 2003. url p. 41.
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• Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1900-1904. url p. 172.
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• Report on the birds of Pennsylvania: with special reference to the food habits, based on over four thousand stomach examinations / by B.H. Warren. Harrisburg: E.K. Meyers, State Printer, 1890. url .
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• Sites of the reserve phase: Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico / [by] Paul S. Martin [and] John B. Rinaldo. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1950. url p. 492.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Meleagris gallopavo. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 02February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed October 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 04, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 11946
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176137
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2496811
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176136
• IUCN ID: 222547
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNLC14010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 910

Footnotes

1. New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009. [back]
2. Mean = 28.650 meters (93.996 feet), Standard Deviation = 44.070 based on 111,660 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.