Melanerpes carolinus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Deciduous forests and wooded areas are the favorite habitat of this woodpecker.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     1.8     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp   
  
•     2     Savanna   
  
•     2.1     Savanna - Dry   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.3     Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations   
  
•     14.4     Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens   
  
•     14.5     Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Their diet includes insects, fruits, nuts, and seeds. They are also known to be nest predators , commonly taking nestlings and eggs from other cavity nests. They use their stiff tail and distinctly arranged toes (two toes pointing forward and two toes facing backward ) to balance as they move up and down tree trunks and branches to pick prey off trees. They will also eat on the ground or from bird feeders in more urban areas.

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in mid-April, peaks later that month until mid-May, and extends to early July. This woodpecker prefers to nest in a variety of forested areas. The Red-bellied Woodpecker excavates its own nesting cavity or uses a cavity already made, usually less than 40 feet high in a snag , utility pole , or sometimes a nest box. The female lays 3-8 (usually 4-5) eggs that the adults incubate for 12-14 days. The male does most of the incubation during the night. The young are altricial and stay in the nest cavity until 24-27 days after hatching . Both adults care for the young while they are in the nest.

• Breeding Habitat : Woodland
• Nest Type: Cavity
• Clutch Size: 3-8
• Length of Incubation: 12-14 days
• Days to Fledge : 24-27
• Number of Broods: 1 in north, 2-3 in south

Migration

Nonmigratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus • Centurus carolinus carolinus (Linnaeus • Centurus carolinus harpaceus Koelz • Centurus carolinus perplexus Burleigh and Lowery • Centurus carolinus zebra (Boddaert • Melanerpes carolinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 27-Dec-2005

Similar Species

Golden-Fronted Woodpecker

Members of the genus Melanerpes

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 42 species and subspecies in this genus:

M. aurifrons (Golden-Fronted Woodpecker) · M. aurifrons aurifrons (Golden-Fronted Woodpecker) · M. aurifrons insulanus (Golden-Fronted Woodpecker) · M. cactorum (White-Fronted Woodpecker) · M. candidus (White Woodpecker) · M. carolinus (Red-Bellied Woodpecker) · M. carolinus carolinus (Red-Bellied Woodpecker) · M. chrysauchen (Golden-Naped Woodpecker) · M. chrysauchen chrysauchen (Golden-Naped Woodpecker) · M. chrysogenys (Golden-Cheeked Woodpecker) · M. chrysogenys chrysogenys (Golden-Cheeked Woodpecker) · M. cruentatus (Tellow-Tufted Woodpecker) · M. cruentatus cruentatus (Yellow Tufted Woodpecker) · M. erythrocephalus (Tricolored Woodpecker) · M. erythrocephalus caurinus (Red-Headed Woodpecker) · M. erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Red-Headed Woodpecker) · M. flavifrons (Yellow-Fronted Woodpecker) · M. formicivorus (Narrow-Fronted Woodpecker) · M. formicivorus angustifrons (Acorn Woodpecker) · M. formicivorus bairdi (Acorn Woodpecker) · M. formicivorus formicivorus (Acorn Woodpecker) · M. formicivorus lineatus (Acorn Woodpecker) · M. formicivorus martirensis (Acorn Woodpecker) · M. herminieri (Guadeloupe Woodpecker) · M. hoffmanni (Hoffmann's Woodpecker) · M. hoffmannii (Hoffmann's Woodpecker) · M. hypopolius (Gray-Breasted Woodpecker) · M. lewis (Lewis's Woodpecker) · M. portoricensis (Puerto Rican Woodpecker) · M. pucherani (Black-Cheeked Woodpecker) · M. pulcher (Beautiful Woodpecker) · M. pygmaeus (Red-Vented Woodpecker) · M. pygmaeus pygmaeus (Red-Vented Woodpecker) · M. radiolatus (Jamaican Woodpecker) · M. rubricapillus (Red-Crowned Woodpecker) · M. rubricapillus rubricapillus (Red-Crowned Woodpecker) · M. striatus (Hispaniolan Woodpecker) · M. superciliaris (West Indian Red-Bellied Woodpecker) · M. superciliaris superciliaris (West Indian Red-Bellied Woodpecker) · M. uropygialis (Brewster's Woodpecker) · M. uropygialis brewsteri (Gila Woodpecker) · M. uropygialis uropygialis (Gila Woodpecker)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A catalogue of Canadian birds with notes on the distribution of the species / by Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B.: J. McMillan, 1887. url , p. 67.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds, By Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B., J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url p. 136, p. 136, p. 67, p. 67.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds: with notes on the distribution of the species / Saint John, N.B.: J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url , .
• A catalogue of the birds of Indiana / by Amos W. Butler. S.l.: s.n., 1891? url p. 60, p. 60.
• A catalogue of the birds of the Virginias / by Wm. C. Rives. Newport, R.I.: Printed for the Society by T.T. Pitman, 1890. url p. 65, p. 97.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 13.
• A list of the birds of Florida / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 15.
• A list of the birds of Maryland / F.C. Kirkwood. Baltimore, Md., 1895. url p. 313.
• A list of the birds of Maryland, giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds; also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded. By F.C. Kirkwood. .. Baltimore: [Maryland Academy of Sciences], 1895. url p. 313, p. 313, p. 378, p. 378.
• A list of the birds of Maryland: giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds, also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded / Baltimore: Deutsch Lithographing & Print. Co.; 1895. url , .
• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 26.
• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url .
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 293.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1900. url p. 293.
• A manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States, including the district north and east of the Ozark mountains, south of the Laurentian hills, north of the southern boundary of Virgini by David Starr Jordan. Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1910. url p. 268.
• A nature wooing at Ormond by the sea, by W.S. Blatchley. .. Indianapolis: The Nature publishing company, 1902. url p. 27.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada / Boston: Little, Brown, 1921. url , .
• A popular handbook of the ornithology of the United States and Canada: based on Nuttall's Manual / by Montague Chamberlain. Boston: Little, B., & Co., 1903. url p. 424, p. 448.
• A preliminary catalog of the birds of Missouri / St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1907. url , .
• A preliminary list of the birds of Wayne County, Ohio. Columbus, Westbote Co., State Printers, 1896. url p. 290.
• A revised catalogue of the birds of Kansas: with descriptive notes of the nests and eggs of the birds known to breed in the state / Pub. under the direction of the Executive Council, May, 1886. Topeka: Kansas Publishing House, 1886. url p. 30.
• A supplement to The birds of Rhode Island / by Reginald Heber Howe, Jr. and Edward Sturtevant. Middletown, R.I.: [s.n.], 1903. url p. 16.
• A survey of natural areas in Brunswick County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url , .
• Abstract of proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia]Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. url p. 12, p. 28, p. 42.
• Abstract of the proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York. [New York]: The Society, [1889-1932]. url p. 10, p. 118, p. 132, p. 73, p. 9.
• Annotated list of the birds of Oneida County, N.Y., and its immediate vicinity, by Wm. L. Ralph and Egbert Bogg. Utica, N.Y.: E.H. Roberts, Printers, 1886. url p. 124.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 101.
• Annual report / Entomological Society of Ontario. Toronto, The Society. url p. 24.
• Annual report of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society. Lincoln, Neb.: The Society. url p. 111, p. 173.
• Annual report of the New Jersey State Museum. Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish & Quigley, url p. 329.
• Annual report of the Ohio State Academy of Science. Columbus: The Academy, 1893-1930. url p. 115, p. 238.
• Annual report of the Regents / Albany: J.B. Lyon, State Printer, 1890-1903. url p. 305, p. 404.
• Annual report of the Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History for the year. .. Albany, N.Y.: The Trustees, 1886-1889. url p. 27.
• Biologia centrali-americana: Aves / [London: R.H. Porter], 1879-1904. url .
• Bird homes. The nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds, New York, Doubleday & McClure Co., 1900. url , .
• Bird homes: The nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1903. url .
• Bird homes: the nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States, with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1920, c1904. url , .
• Bird homes: the nests, eggs, and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905, c1904. url .
• Bird migration in the Mississippi Valley / by W.W. Cooke and Otto Widman [i.e. Widmann] [Chicago?]: The American Field, 1883. url p. 29, p. 72.
• Bird studies; an account of the land birds of eastern North America, London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. url .
• Birds & nature magazine. Chicago, nature study publishing company [etc.]1896-1907. url p. 51.
• Birds and nature. Chicago, Ill.: A.W. Mumford, Publisher, 1900-1907. url p. 50, p. 51.
• Birds in Kansas / Max C. Thompson & Charles Ely. 1 Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History: c1989- url p. 372, p. 373, p. 400, p. xv.
• Birds of Madison County, New York / by George Charles Embody. Hamilton, N.Y.: [Republican Press], 1901. url p. 19.
• Birds of Massachusetts [by] J.A. Allen. [n.p.]1864-1886. url p. 174.
• Birds of Michigan. By A. J. Cook. Lansing, Mich., R. Smith & co., state printers and binders, 1893 url p. 251, p. 290.
• Birds of Washington and vicinity, including adjacent parts of Maryland and Virginia, by Mrs. L. W. Maynard, with introduction by Florence A. Merriam. .. Washington, D. C., 1898. url p. 125, p. 125, p. 200, p. 200.
• Birds of Washington and vicinity: including adjacent parts of Maryland and Virginia / by Mrs. L. W. Maynard; with introduction by Florence Merriam Bailey. Washington, D. C.: Woodward & Lothrop, 1902. url p. 125, p. 206.
• Birds of the world; a popular account. With a chapter on the anatomy of birds, by Frederic A. Lucas; the whole edited by Robert Ridgway. New York, Holt, 1909. url p. 862.
• Birds of village and field: a bird book for beginners, by Florence A. Merriam. Illustrated. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1898. url p. 211, p. 403.
• Birds of western New York. Rochester, N.Y., The Society, 1901. url p. 39.
• Birds: illustrated by color photography: a monthly serial. .. Chicago, Ill.: Nature Study Publishing Co., 1897-1898. url .
• Birds; a miscellaneous collection of 37 pamphlets about birds. Collected and privately bound by Alvin Seale, 1914. v.p., 1910-1913 url p. 52.
• Bulletin - New York State Museum. Albany: New York State Education Dept. url p. 305, p. 404.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 311, p. 58.
• Bulletin of the Bird Club of Princeton University. Princeton, N.J.: The Club, 1901. url , p. 20, p. 54.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 234, p. 3.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute. url p. 24.
• Bulletin of the scientific laboratories of Denison University. Granville, Ohio: [The University], 1885- url p. 138.
• Catalogue of Canadian birds. .. Ottawa, Printed by S. E. Dawson, 1900-04. url .
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. by Charles B. Cory. 13 1919 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1919. url p. 418.
• Catalogue of scientific papers (1800-1900) Comp. by the Royal society of London. Cambridge, C. J. Clay and sons, 1867-1902; url p. 246, p. 640, p. 797.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. url p. 246, p. 797.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. url p. 139, p. 171, p. 569.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. url p. 146.
• Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History) London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1901-12. url p. 146.
• Catalogue of the specimens illustrating the osteology of vertebrated animals, recent and extinct, contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London, 1891. url p. 134.
• Check list of New York birds, Albany, University of the State of New York, 1900. url , .
• Check list of New York birds, by Marcus S. Farr. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1900. url p. 305, p. 404.
• Check list of the birds of Ontario and catalogue of birds in the biological section of the Museum / Department of Education. Toronto: Dept. of Education, 1900. url p. 35.
• Check-list of North American birds, New York, American Ornithologists' Union, 1895. url .
• Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands / prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Orni Lawrence, Kan.: American Ornithologists' Union, 1983. url p. 387.
• Eggs of native Pennsylvania birds: a world's fair collection / owned and exhibited by J. Warren Jacobs. Waynesburg, Pa.: Independent Job Department, 1895. url p. 8.
• Evolution of the colors of North American land birds / by Charles A. Keeler. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 1893. url p. 222.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. url p. 138, p. 139.
• Field key to the land birds. .. By Edward Knobel. Boston, B. Whidden, 1899. url p. 18.
• Genera insectorum / publiés par P. Wytsman. Bruxelles, L. Desmet-Verteneuil [etc.]1902-1970. url p. 22.
• Gleanings from nature. Indianapolis, 1899. url p. 256.
• Handbook of birds of eastern North America. New York, Appleton, 1907. url p. 234.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States: including the Great Plains, Great Basin, Pacific Slope, and lower Rio Grande Valley / by Florence Merriam Bailey. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1915, c1902. url p. 218.
• History of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Illustrating 529 birds. Topeka, Kan., G. W. Crane, 1891. url p. 337, p. 337, p. 687.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 590.
• Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 76.
• Indian Museum notes. Calcutta: [Indian Museum]: 1889-1903. url , p. 148, p. 153, p. 167.
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• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] url p. 67.
• Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 176, p. 190.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and Lower California Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1896. url p. 880.
• Life histories of North American birds, from the parrots to the grackles, with special reference to their breeding habits and eggs, Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1895. url .
• List of birds found in West Virginia. Charleston, Tribune Printing Co., 1909. url p. 24.
• List of birds found in the vicinity of Bridgeport, Connecticut / Prepared for the Bridgeport Scientific Society by C. K. Averill, Jr., January, 1892. Bridgeport, Conn.: Buckingham & Brewer, Printers, 1892. url p. 11.
• List of the birds of the New Haven Region / compiled by committee of Freeman F. Burr. .. [et al.]; advisory committee, Louis B. Bishop. New Haven, Conn: New Haven Bird Club: [1908] url p. 31.
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• Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern U.S.. .. inclusive of the marine species. Chicago, McClurg, 1894, c1876-88. url .
• Nests and eggs of North American birds: with a chapter on ornithological and oölogical collecting (the preparation of skins, nests and eggs for the cabinet). Toronto: Musson[1900] url p. 275.
• North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 94.
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• Ornithologist and oo?logist Pawtucket, R.I. url .
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• Our native birds of song and beauty, being a complete history of all the songbirds, flycatchers, hummingbirds, swifts, goatsuckers, woodpeckers, kingfishers, trogons, cuckoos, and parrots, of North America. Milwaukee, G. Brumder, 1893-96. url , , .
• P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution / revised by the Montana Bird Distribution Committee. [Helena, MT]:Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996 url p. 65.
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• Proceedings of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union. Lincoln, [1900-15] url .
• Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science. Rochester, N.Y.: The Academy.1889- url .
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 1063, p. 595, p. 637, p. 675, p. 92.
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• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 22.
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• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 114, p. 369, p. 385, p. 402, p. 444, p. 633.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 765, p. 767.
• The Iowa ornithologist. [Salem, Iowa]: David L. Savage, 1894-98. url p. 56.
• The Ohio journal of science. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science url p. 42, p. 421.
• The Oo?logist for the student of birds, their nests and eggs. Albion, N.Y.: Frank H. Lattin, 1886- url p. 84.
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• The Wilson bulletin. Columbus, OH: Wilson Ornithological Society url , p. 127, p. 130, p. 4, p. 54, p. 82, p. 84.
• The avifauna of Louisiana, with an annotated list of the birds of the State [by] Geo. E. Beyer. New Orleans, La., 1900. url p. 29.
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• The birds of Indiana. A descriptive catalogue of the birds that have been observed within the state, with an account of their habits. Indianapolis, Indiana Dept. of Geology and Natural Resources, 1898 url p. 842.
• The birds of Indiana: a descriptive catalog of the birds that have been observed within the state, with an account of their habits / by Amos W. Butler. Indianapolis: W. B. Burford, Contractor for State Printing, 1898 url p. 1184, p. 842.
• The birds of Indiana; a descriptive catalog of the birds that have been observed within the state, with an account of their habits. Indianapolis, W. B. Burford, Contractor for State Printing, 1898 url .
• The birds of Massachusetts, Cambridge, Mass., 1901. url , .
• The birds of Massachusetts, by Reginald Heber Howe and Glover Morrill Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1901. url p. 149, p. 149, p. 75, p. 75, p. 9.
• The birds of Montreal, Montreal, W. Drysdale & co., 1896. url p. 74, p. xii.
• The birds of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other island Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1901- url .
• The birds of Ohio; a complete scientific and popular description of the 320 species of birds found in the state, by William Leon Dawson...with introduction and analytical keys by Lynds Jones...Illustrated by 80 plates in color-photography and more than 200 original halftones, showing the favorite haunts of the b Columbus, The Wheaton publishing co., 1903. url , .
• The birds of Ohio; a revised catalogue, [Columbus?]Academy of Science, 1903. url , .
• The birds of Ontario being a concise account of every species of bird known to have been found in Ontario, with a description of their nests and eggs, and instructions for collecting birds and preparing and preserving ski by Thomas McIlwraith. Montreal: C.W Coates, 1894. url .
• The birds of Ontario, being a list of birds observed in the province of Ontario, with an account of their habits, distribution, nests, eggs &c., by Thomas McIlwraith, for the Migration committee of the American ornithologist's union. Pub. by the Hamilton association. Hamilton, A. Lawson & co., printers, 1886. url p. 169.
• The birds of Ontario; being a concise account of every species of bird known to have been found in Ontario with a description of their nests and eggs and instructions for collecting birds and preparing and preserving skins By Thomas McIlwraith. London, T. F. Unwin, 1894. url p. 251.
• The birds of Rhode Island n. p.c1899 url , .
• The birds of Rhode Island. [n. p.]1899. url p. 104, p. 64.
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• The birds of the Chicago area / [Chicago, Jennings and Graham], 1907. url , .
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• The code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union; being the report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature. New York, 1886. url p. 217, p. 217, p. 217.
• The hawks and owls of the United States in their relation to agriculture. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1893. url .
• The land-birds and game-birds of New England; with descriptions of the birds, their nests and eggs, their habits and notes, with illustrations; Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1895. url .
• The oist. Albion, N.Y.: Frank H. Lattin, 1886-1941. url p. 84.
• The ornithology of Illinois / [by Robert Ridgway and S.A. Forbes]. Springfield, Ill., H.W. Rokker, printer, 1889-1895. url p. 384.
• The ornithology of Illinois. Part I. Descriptive catalogue. By Robert Ridgway. Part II. Economic ornithology. By S. A. Forbes. Pub. by the authority of the state Legislature. Springfield, Ill., H. W. Rokker, printer, 1889-95. url p. 24, p. 27, p. 27, p. 384, p. 384.
• The woodpeckers, by Fannie Hardy Eckstorm. Boston andHoughton, Mifflin and company, 1901. url p. 124.
• The woodpeckers. Boston: Houghton, 1901. url p. 124.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. [St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis], 1860-1958. url p. 126, p. 126, p. 126, p. 278, p. 278.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- url p. 170.
• Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 136, p. 65.
• Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature. Baltimore: The Academy, 1837. url p. 313, p. 378.
• Transactions of the. .. annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. url p. 118, p. 119, p. 258.
• Visitors' guide to the local collection of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City: with an annotated list of the birds known to occur within fifty miles of New York City / by Frank M. Chapman. New York: Printed for the Museum, 1894. url p. 46, p. 96.
• Yearbook of agriculture. WashingtonU.S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 113.
• [Collected reprints, 1895-1916. s.l., s.n., 19--] url , .
• [Forestry reports] Washington, 1893-1910 url , , , .

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Melanerpes carolinus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 02February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 17, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 18, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue, coordinators. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: Mountain Prairie Information Node. March 26, 2007.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 04, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 11422
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-178195
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13837171
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 178176
• IUCN ID: 222338
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNYF04170
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 286

Footnotes

1. Mean = 28.710 meters (94.193 feet), Standard Deviation = 44.900 based on 138,390 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.