Larus atricilla

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Lakes , Salt Marshes, beaches, ocean

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, coastal waters, coastal sand beaches and mudflats, coastal rocky beaches • Foraging Strata: Water • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[1]

Ecology: This species is strictly coastal when breeding, being found on vegetated sandy beaches, islands, salt-marshes, and on the tops of rocky islands. It lays from mid- to late May in the north, and in late April in Florida. Colonies form from dozens of individuals to 10,000 pairs. Its diet is comprised of aquatic invertebrates and insects, but also fish, scraps and refuse. It can be kleptoparasitic on Brown Pelicans1. [2].

List of Habitats :

• 9 Marine Neritic
• 9.1 Marine Neritic - Pelagic
• 9.2 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs
• 9.3 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel
• 9.4 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy
• 9.5 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud
• 9.7 Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp
• 9.9 Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)
• 12 Marine Intertidal
• 12.2 Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars , Spits , Etc
• 13 Marine Coastal/Supratidal
• 13.1 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands

Biology

Diet

The Laughing Gull always feeds near the sea . Its diet is comprised largely of fish and marine animals picked from beaches, estuaries and salt marshes. It will, however, eat almost anything edible. The Laughing Gull is not a good fishermen and rarely catches live food from the sea unless its prey is crippled. But it is a good thief, often robbing pelicans and terns of their catch . It will even land on a pelican's head as it emerges from a dive to pluck food from the larger bird's bill. The Laughing Gull is a useful scavenger , and performs a useful service around harbors and beaches cleaning up fish stranded by the tide and any edible garbage they can find.

Sometimes it also takes other sea bird eggs or chicks to eat. The food is gathered by picking it from the beach or water, or by diving from above to capture fish or force another bird to drop its food.

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in early April and extends into July. Laughing Gulls nest in colonies, which can be very large. The nest is common in coastal areas on the ground or within the beach grasses. The female lays 2-4 (usually 3) eggs that both adults incubate for 21-23 days. The young are semi-precocial and leave the nest within a few days of hatching . The adults tend to the young for approximately 35 days after hatching.

Clutch Size: 3 Length of Incubation : 20 days Days to Fledge : 35 Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Behavior

The Laughing Gull is named for its call , which sounds like, "ha, ha, ha, ha." It's a sociable bird that migrates, rests, hunts and scavenges together. Noisy, quarrelsome and aggressive, they often steal the prey and feed on the eggs and young of other birds, including those of their own species.

Because gulls are so conspicuous around harbors and beaches, they are one of the most familiar of sea birds. Although they are often referred to as "sea gulls," they seldom are found far at sea.

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

Franklin's Gull

Members of the genus Larus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 83 species and subspecies in this genus:

L. argentatus (Herring Gull) · L. argentatus argentatus (Herring Gull) · L. armenicus (Armenian Gull) · L. atlanticus (OlrogÌs Gull) · L. atricilla (Laughing Gull) · L. atricilla atricilla (Laughing Gull) · L. audouinii (AudouinÌs Gull) · L. belcheri (Band Tailed Gull) · L. belcheri belcheri (Band-Tailed Gull) · L. brachyrhynchus (Mew Gull) · L. brevirostris (Red-Legged Kittiwake) · L. brunnicephalus (Indian Black-Headed Gull) · L. bulleri (Black-Billed Gull) · L. cachinnans (Caspian Gull) · L. californicus (Californian Gull) · L. californicus albertaensis (Light-Mantled California Gull) · L. californicus californicus (Dark-Mantled California Gull) · L. canus (Common Kamchatka Gull) · (Mew Gull) · L. canus canus (Mew Gull) · L. canus heinei (Mew Gull) · (Eastern Common Gull) · L. cirrocephalus (Grey-Hooded Gull) · L. cirrocephalus cirrocephalus (Gray-Headed Gull) · L. crassirostris (Black-Tailed Gull) · L. delawarensis (Ring-Bill Gull) · L. dominicanus (Southern Black-Backed Gull) · L. dominicanus dominicanus (Southern Black-Backed Gull) · L. eburnea (Ivory Gull) · L. fuliginosus (Dusky Gull) · L. furcatus (Swallow-Tailed Gull) · L. fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. fuscus fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. fuscus graellsii (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. genei (Slender-Billed Gull) · L. glaucescens (Glaucous-Winged Gull) · L. glaucoides (White-Winged Gull) · L. glaucoides glaucoides (Iceland Gull) · L. glaucoides kumlieni (Iceland Gull) · L. glaucoides thayeri (Iceland Gull) · L. hartlaubii (Hartlaub's Gull) · (White-Headed Gull) · L. hemprichii (Hemprich's Gull) · L. hyperboreus (White-Winged Gull) · L. hyperboreus barrovianus (Glaucous Gull) · L. hyperboreus hyperboreus (Glaucous Gull) · L. ichthyaetus (Great Black-Headed Gull) · L. kumlieni (Kumlien's Gull) · L. leucophthalmus (White-Eyed Gull) · L. livens (Yellow-Footed Gull) · L. maculipennis (Brown-Hooded Gull) · L. marinus (Greater Black-Backed Gull) · L. melanocephalus (Mediterranean Gull) · L. michahellis (Yellow-Legged Gull) · L. minutus (Little Gull) · L. modestus (Grey Gull) · L. novaehollandiae (Silver Gull) · L. novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Silver Gull) · L. occidentalis (Wyman's Gull) · L. occidentalis livens (Western Gull) · L. occidentalis occidentalis (Western Gull) · L. occidentalis wymani (Western Gull) · L. pacificus (Large-Billed Gull) · L. pacificus pacificus (Pacific Gull) · L. philadelphia (Bonaparte's Rosy Gull) · L. pipixcan (Francolin's Rosy Gull) · L. relictus (Relict Gull) · L. ridibundus (Common Black-Headed Gull) · L. ridibundus ridibundus (Black-Headed Gull) · L. rosea (Ross' Gull) · L. sabini (Sabine's Gull) · L. sabini sabina (Sabine's Gull) · L. sabini woznesenskii (Sabine's Gull) · L. saundersi (Chinese Black-Headed Gull) · L. schistisagus (Slaty-Backed Gull) · L. scopulinus (Red-Billed Gull) · L. scoresbii (Magellan Gull) · L. serranus (Andean Gull) · L. thayeri (Iceland Gull) · L. tridactyla (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. tridactyla pollicaris (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. tridactyla tridactyla (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. vetula (Cape Gull)

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Further Reading

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• The birds of the Bermudas. By Savile G. Reid. Printed in "The Zoologist" for October and November, 1877, and now reprinted by permission. Hamilton, Bermuda, Printed at the Royal Gazette Office, 1883. url p. 40.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Larus atricilla. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Clark, M. A. WhoZoo.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 18 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8356
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176837
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481680
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176837
• IUCN ID: 218193
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNNM03010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 267

Footnotes

1. Mean = 28.810 meters (94.521 feet), Standard Deviation = 45.060 based on 136,802 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Larus atricilla. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.