Ixobrychus exilis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, saltwater and brackish marshes, tropical lowland evergreen forest, mangrove forests • Maximum Elevation: 3,100 meters • Foraging Strata: Understory/undergrowth • Center of Abundance: Lower tropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; tropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.7     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.5     Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)   
  
•     15     Artificial/Aquatic & Marine   
  
•     15.9     Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels , Ditches   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Mostly: Aquatic Invertebrates . Lesser Quantities of: Reptiles or Amphibians Insects Fish

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water
• Clutch Size: 3-6
• Length of Incubation : 19-20 days
• Days to Fledge : 25
• Number of Broods: 2

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Ixobrychus exilis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 24-Jun-1996

Similar Species

Green Heron

Members of the genus Ixobrychus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 14 species and subspecies in this genus:

I. cinnamomeus (Chestnut Bittern) · I. eurhythmus (Von Schrenck's Little Bittern) · I. exilis (Cory's Bittern) · I. exilis exilis (Least Bittern) · I. exilis hesperis (Least Bittern) · I. flavicollis (Black Bittern) · I. flavicollis flavicollis (Black Bittern) · I. involucris (Stripe-Backed Bittern) · I. minutus (Little Bittern) · I. minutus minutus (Little Bittern) · I. novaezelandiae (New Zealand Little Bittern) · I. sinensis (Chinese Little Bittern) · I. sinensis sinensis (Chinese Little Bittern) · I. sturmii (African Dwarf Bittern)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
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• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 155, p. 193, p. 195, p. 217, p. 250, p. 284, p. 319, p. 321, p. 324, p. 343, p. 380, p. 390, p. 396, p. 416, p. 440, p. 457, p. 474, p. 491, p. 503, p. 517, p. 518, p. 519, p. 531, p. 538, p. 539, p. 540, p. 564, p. 565, p. 567, p. 671, p. 88, p. 93.
• A check list of Rhode Island nesting birds, with data. [Providence? R.I.], c1908. url p. 1.
• A distributional list of the birds of Montana, with notes on the migration and nesting of the better known species, by Aretas A. Saunders. Berkeley, Calif., The Club, 1921. url p. 189, p. 42.
• A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1931. url p. 161.
• A faunal investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario / Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941. url p. 31.
• A faunal investigation of the Sault Ste. Marie region, Ontario / [Toronto]: Royal Ontario Museum, 1942. url p. 123.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, London, Witherby & Co., 1912. url , .
• A pocket list of the birds of eastern Massachusetts, with especial reference to Essex County, by Albert P. Morse. .. Salem, Mass., Peabody academy of science, 1912. url p. 28.
• A study of the incubation periods of birds; what determines their lengths, Denver, Col., The Kendrick-Bellamy Co., 1917. url .
• A systematic list of the birds of California / by Joseph Grinnell. Hollywood: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1912. url p. 8.
• Abstract of the proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York City, for the official year. . [New York]: The Society, [1889-1932] url p. 136, p. 36, p. 50, p. 53, p. 64.
• An early pleistocene avifauna from Inglis, Florida / by Gail Elaine Speaker Carr. 1981. url p. 18, p. 20.
• An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. url p. 36, p. 6.
• An ecological study of southern Wisconsin fishes; the brook silversides (Labidesthes sicculus) and the cisco (Leucichthys artedi) in their relations to the region, Urbana, Ill., The University of Illinois, c1927 url p. 84.
• Animal and plant life in Oklahoma, Norman, 1917. url .
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url p. 175, p. 390.
• Annotated list of the birds of Oneida County, N.Y. and of the West Canada Creek Valley. [Utica, N.Y.?]1912. url .
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2004. Ixobrychus exilis. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
• BirdLife International 2009. Ixobrychus exilis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 12, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 18 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• NatureServe. 2003. Downloadable animal data sets. NatureServe Central Databases. Accessed February 6, 2005.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Species At Risk Act Public Registry, Government of Canada

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 12, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8868
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174848
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481680
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174846
• IUCN ID: 216895
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNGA02010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 4518

Footnotes

1. Mean = 28.840 meters (94.619 feet), Standard Deviation = 45.840 based on 125,234 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.