Grus canadensis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Freshwater wetlands, shallow marshes or lakes , and wet meadows. This bird's non-breeding habitat is grassland and tends to include drier areas than those needed for breeding.

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, northern temperate grasslands • Foraging Strata: Terrestrial • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

The diet consists of a variety of foods, including aquatic invertebrates , insects, small vertebrates , seeds, fruits, frogs , rodents, insects, bulbs, seeds, and berries . While on migration, they also eat waste grain,other plant materials , and field animals. The Sandhill Crane searches for most food on the ground or in the water and will eat almost any food item it finds.

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in late January, peaks in March, and extends into August. Breeding habitat consists of grasslands, wetlands, and marshes, usually associated with fresh water . The saucer-shaped nest is placed on the ground or on a mound of plant material to raise the nest above the surface of the water. Both adults build the nest out of sticks , twigs , moss, and other plant material. The female lays 1-3 (usually 2) eggs that she and the male take turns incubating for 28-32 days. The young are precocial and leave the nest within 2 days. The young begin feeding independently about 2 weeks after hatching and can fly when they are 65-70 days old. The young stay with the parents until the following spring .

Young cranes can capture their own food at an early age, but they are frequently fed by the parents. In 67-75 days, the colts have fledged and can make the migration south. Usually, only one of the colts survives long enough to fledge . The sandhill parents raise their young for 10 months.

Breeding Habitat: Wetland-open water Clutch Size: 2 Length of Incubation : 28-32 days Days to Fledge: 65

Migration

Some migrate

Its trumpeting, rattling call can sometimes be heard for more than a mile . This is because the trachea loops once in the sternum instead of going directly to the lungs like most birds.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Grus canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 28-Nov-2006

Similar Species

Whooping Crane, Great Blue Heron

Members of the genus Grus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 20 species and subspecies in this genus:

G. americana (Great White Crane) · G. antigone (Eastern Sarus Crane) · G. antigone antigone (Sarus Crane) · G. canadensis (Mississippi Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis canadensis (Lesser Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis mexicana (Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis nesiotes (Cuba Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis pratensis (Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis pulla (Mississippi Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis tabida (Greater Sandhill Crane) · G. carunculatus (Wattled Crane) · G. grus (Eurasian Crane) · G. japonensis (Red-Crowned Crane) · G. leucogeranus (White Crane) · G. monacha (Hooded Crane) · G. nigricollis (Black-Necked Crane) · G. paradisea (Paradise Crane) · G. rubicunda (Australian Crane) · G. vipio (Japanese White-Naped Crane) · G. virgo (Demoiselle Crane)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 361, p. 362, p. 366, p. 383, p. 384, p. 677.
• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url .
• A List of birds' eggs in the collection of Mr. William Stoate, Wembdon, Bridgewater. [188-?] url p. 34.
• A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region. By Edward A. Preble. .. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. url p. 312, p. 313.
• A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1902. url .
• A catalogue of Canadian birds with notes on the distribution of the species / by Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B.: J. McMillan, 1887. url p. 33.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds, By Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B., J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url p. 33, p. 33.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds: with notes on the distribution of the species / Saint John, N.B.: J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url .
• A catalogue of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Published under the direction of the Executive council. Topeka: Kansas Publishing house, 1883. url p. 28.
• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. url p. 108, p. 7.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 9.
• A distributional list of the birds of Montana, with notes on the migration and nesting of the better known species, by Aretas A. Saunders. Berkeley, Calif., The Club, 1921. url p. 43.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, London, Witherby & Co., 1912. url , .
• A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states: including those used for food which have disappeared since the settlement of the country, and those which are now hunted for food or sport, with observations on their former abundance and recent decre Boston: Wright & Potter printing company, state printers, 1912. url p. 487, p. 487.
• A journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, in the years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772 / Toronto: Champlain society, 1911. url p. 389, p. 389.
• A journey from Prince of Wales's fort in Hudson Bay to the northern ocean, in the years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772. -- Toronto: Champlain Society, 1911. url p. 389.
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url p. 347.
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• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url .
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Grus canadensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 31, 2012.
• Clark, M. A. WhoZoo.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 05, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• NatureServe. 2003. Downloadable animal data sets. NatureServe Central Databases. Accessed February 6, 2005.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• The Georgia Museum of Natural History and Georgia Department of Natural Resources

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 05, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum: Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Bird Studies Canada: BC Coastal Waterbird Survey
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 9131
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-708141
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176177
• IUCN ID: 212155
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNMK01015
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 899

Footnotes

1. Mean = 28.620 meters (93.898 feet), Standard Deviation = 44.180 based on 110,717 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.