Gallinago gallinago

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 154 meters (504 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is fully migratory although some populations only migrate short distances2. It breeds from April to August3 in solitary territorial pairs and after breeding it moves to moulting areas before migrating south to the wintering grounds2. It is not a truly gregarious species6 although it usually forages in small groups2, occasionally also gathering in larger flocks of several hundred during migration or in the winter3. The species is also generally crepuscular in its activities2. Habitat Breeding The species breeds on fresh or brackish marshland with rich or tussocky vegetation2, 3 including grassy or marshy edges of lakes and rivers2, marshy bogs and moors4, marshy tundra, wet meadows2, peat bogs, fens , swamps (North America)4 and swampy forest5. Non-breeding In its wintering range the species frequents similar habitats to those it breeds in2, 3 including permanent and temporary swamps, the marshy edges of lakes and dams, flooded sedge and grassland7, also utilising more artificial habitats such as damp farmland3 (e.g. cattle pastures, sugar-cane fields4, rice-fields2), sewage farms2 and drainage ditches4. The species may also move to more coastal areas such as the upper reaches of estuaries and coastal meadows2 during periods of frost6. Diet Its diet consists of adult and larval insects, earthworms, small crustaceans2 (e.g. isopods and amphipods )4, small gastropods , spiders2, small amphibians (Africa)7 and occasionally plant fibres, seeds and grit4. Breeding site The nest is a shallow scrape6 positioned on dry ground in marshes, fens, swamps and bogs4 (e.g. on a mound or sedge tuft)5 in the cover of grass , rushes, sedge or sphagnum moss2. The species nests in solitary territorial pairs at densities of between 10 and 38 or up to 110 pairs per kilometre2. Management information Studies in Danish coastal wetlands found that the spatial restriction of shore-based shooting was more successful at maintaining waterfowl population sizes than was the temporal restriction of shooting, and therefore that wildfowl reserves should incorporate shooting-free refuges that include adjacent marshland in order to ensure high waterbird species diversity13. The species is known to show increased hatching successes when ground predators have been excluded by erecting protective fences around nesting areas15. At a reserve in the UK management strategies such as reseeding grasslands to be dominated by rushes Juncus spp. and purple moor-grass Molinia caerulea, mechanical cutting and grazing, digging small scrapes and maintaining high water-levels succeeded in attracting an increased number of breeding pairs to the area16. The annual success of reproduction is estimated every year by wing surveys in Denmark since the 1970s and in France since the mid-1990s18. Hunting bags are estimated every year in Denmark18.

[2].

List of Habitats:

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.1     Forest - Boreal   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.6     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     5.8     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     5.10     Wetlands (inland) - Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.10     Marine Neritic - Estuaries   
  
•     15     Artificial/Aquatic & Marine   
  
•     15.1     Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha)   
  
•     15.2     Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha)   
  
•     15.8     Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Primarily: Aquatic Invertebrates Fish. Lesser Quantities of: Plant Matter.

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water
• Clutch Size: 4
• Length of Incubation : 18-20 days
• Days to Fledge : 19-20
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Jul-2007

Similar Species

American Woodcock, Long-Billed Dowitcher, Short-Billed Dowitcher

Members of the genus Gallinago

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 21 species and subspecies in this genus:

G. andina (Puna Snipe) · G. delicata (Wilson's Snipe) · G. gallinago (Wilson's Snipe) · G. gallinago faroeensis (Common Snipe) · G. hardwickii (Australian Snipe) · G. imperialis (Imperial Snipe) · G. jamesoni (Jameson's Snipe) · G. macrodactyla (Madagascar Snipe) · G. media (Solitary Snipe) · G. megala (SwinhoeÌs Snipe) · G. nemoricola (Himalayan Snipe) · G. nigripennis (Ethiopian Snipe) · G. nigripennis nigripennis (Ethiopian Snipe) · G. nobilis (Noble Snipe) · G. paraguaiae (South American Snipe) · G. solitaria (Solitary Snipe) · G. solitaria solitaria (Eastern Solitary Snipe) · G. stenura (Pin-Tailed Snipe) · G. stricklandii (Strickland's Snipe) · G. undulata (Giant Snipe) · G. undulata undulata (Giant Snipe)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A naturalist in western China, with vasculum, camera, and gun; being some account of eleven years' travel, exploration, and observation in the more remote parts of the Flowery kingdom, by Ernest Henry Wilson...with an introduction by Charles Sprague Sargent...With one hundred and one full-page illustrations and a map. London, Methuen & co., ltd.[1913] url p. 132.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Gallinago gallinago. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• UK National Biodiversity Network, RSPB - Wader breeding survey in the Broads ESA in 1995
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8097
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176700
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176700
• IUCN ID: 210441
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 6813

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 247.290 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Gallinago gallinago. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.