Coluber constrictor

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Colubridae

The family Colubridae, which includes the kingsnakes (Lampropeltis spp. ), is the largest, most widespread, and diverse family of snakes , with few physical characteristics universal among all species. The family contains 70 percent of the known species of snakes, with more than 1700 species worldwide (Pough et al. 1998). Although some colubrids are dangerously venomous , most are harmless to humans. [1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Most common in open areas such as fields , farms , and wetland margins .

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,602 meters (0 to 15,098 feet).[2]

Ecology: Habitats encompass a wide range of lowland and montane areas, including deserts, prairies, sandhills , shrublands, woodlands, forests , canyons , streamsides, and semi-agricultural areas. This snake is absent from the driest deserts and highest mountains (subalpine zones and higher). It commonly climbs shrubs and small trees . When inactive , it hides underground, in crevices, or under surface cover . Adults often hibernate communally, sometimes partly submerged in water. Eggs are laid in an underground tunnel or burrow, rotting stump , sawdust pile, or under a rock. Oviposition sites may be up to at least several hundred metres from the usual home range (Brown and Parker 1976; Iverson et al. 1995, Herpetological Review 26: 147-148). [3].

List of Habitats:

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     2     Savanna   
  
•     2.1     Savanna - Dry   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.4     Shrubland - Temperate   
  
•     3.5     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     3.8     Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     4.5     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.8     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     5.9     Wetlands (inland) - Freshwater Springs and Oases   
  
•     6     Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs , mountain peaks)   
  
•     8     Desert   
  
•     8.1     Desert - Hot   
  
•     8.2     Desert - Temperate   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Racers will eat almost anything they can catch , including rodents, amphibians , lizards, birds, insects, turtles, and other snakes , even other racers. Racers actively forage during daylight. When hunting, they move rapidly with their head held above the ground . Contrary to the implication of their scientific name, these snakes are not constrictors. Racers will throw a loop of their body over their prey to hold it down , but they do not suffocate their prey prior to eating it.

Reproduction

Racers breed from April to May and lay 5 to 25 eggs between June and August. The egg shells have small bumps , resembling salt, that distinguish them from all other snake eggs in North Carolina. Sometimes several females lay eggs in the same nest .

Behavior

Racers usually attempt to escape when confronted. If escape is not possible they rapidly vibrate their tail. When this is done in dry leaves the vibration produces a sound resembling a rattlesnake. Racers thrash back and forth and will bite repeatedly when they are captured.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Bascanion constrictor Baird &girard 1853: 93 • Bascanion constrictor BOCOURT 1890< /i> (Fide Villa Et Al. 1988) • Bascanium anthicum Cope 1862: 338 • Coluber Constrictor Linnaeus 1758: 216 • Coluber constrictor — Conant & Collins 1991: 183 • Coluber constrictor — Liner 1994 • Coluber constrictor — Stebbins 1985: 180 • Coluber mormon • Coluber ortenburgeri Stuart 1934 • Coluber ortenburgeri — Stuart 1935 • Coryphodon constrictor DumÉril & Bibron 1854: 183 • Zamenis constrictor Boulenger 1893: 387

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

First described: Dunn,E.R. and Wood ,G.C. Notes on eastern snakes of the genus Coluber. Notulae Naturae Philadelphia, No. 5: 1-4, 1939.

Western populations have been proposed to constitute a distinct species, Coluber mormon (Fitch et al. 1981), but this distinction has been demonstrated to be invalid (Corn and Bury 1986; see also Greene 1984).[3].

Similar Species

Black Rat Snakes have a "rougher" look because they have keeled scales.

Members of the genus Coluber

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 33 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. andreanus (Andreas' Racer) · C. bholanathi (Sharma's Racer) · C. brevis (Short Racer) · C. constrictor (Eastern Racer) · C. constrictor anthicus (Buttermilk Racer) · C. constrictor constrictor (Northern Black Racer) · C. constrictor etheridgei (Tan Racer) · C. constrictor flaviventris (Eastern Yellowbelly Racer) · C. constrictor foxii (Blue Racer) · C. constrictor helvigularis (Brown Chin Racer) · C. constrictor latrunculus (Black-Masked Racer) · C. constrictor oaxaca (Mexican Racer) · C. constrictor paludicola (Everglades Racer) · C. constrictor priapus (Southern Black Racer) · C. elegantissimus (Elegant Racer) · C. flagellum (Coachwhip) · C. flagellum flagellum (Eastern Coachwhip) · C. florulentus (Flowered Racer) · C. florulentus florulentus (Flowered Racer) · C. gracilis (Graceful Racer) · C. karelini (Spotted Desert Racer) · C. mentovarius (Neotropical Whip Snake) · C. messanai (Schatti's Racer) · C. mormon mormon (Western Yellow-Bellied Racer) · C. najadum (Ghamcheh Snake) · C. najadum najadum (Ghamcheh Snake) · C. rogersi (Rogers' Racer) · C. sinai (Sinai Racer.) · C. smithi (Smith's Racer) · C. thomasi (Thomas' Semi-Banded Racer) · C. variabilis (Variable Snake) · C. ventromaculatus (Hardwicke's Rat Snake) · C. ventromaculatus ventromaculatus (Hardwicke's Rat Snake)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A manual of zoology for the use of students: with a general introd. on the principles of zoology / by Henry Alleyne Nicholson. London: William Blackwood 8 Sons, 1887. url p. 406.
• A naturalist in the Great Lakes region, by Elliot Rowland Downing. .. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press[c1922] url , , , , p. 161, p. 324.
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• A survey of natural areas in Brunswick County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url , , , .
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• American ornithology; or, the natural history of the birds of the United States, by Alexander Wilson and Charles Lucian Bonaparte. Philadelphia, Porter & Coates[1878] url p. 178.
• Amphibian and reptile inventory on the Headwaters and Dillon Resources Areas in conjunction with Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program; c1998. url , , , , , , , , , , , .
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• Amphibian and reptile survey on the Bureau of Land Management Lewistown District: 1995-1998 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program; c1998. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
• Amphibian and reptile surveys on Montana refuges: 1998-1999 / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1999. url , , , .
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Notes

Contributors

• Amphibians and Reptiles of North Carolina
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 27, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
• Hammerson, G.A. 2007. Coluber constrictor. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Hammerson, G.A. 2007. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 8, 2007.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• TIGR Reptile Database . Release date: October 2, 2007
• Uetz, Peter. The Reptile Database

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 27, 2008:

• California Academy of Sciences: CAS Herpetology Collection Catalog
• Carnegie Museums: Amphibians and Reptiles
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: Vertebrate specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Herpetology Collection - Reptile Database
• Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles: Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• Sternberg Museum of Natural History: Herp Collection
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• Yale University Peabody Museum: Peabody Herp Collection DiGIR provider Service

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3403218
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Rep-9663
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174169
• IUCN ID: 201507
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ARADB07010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 165478

Footnotes

1. Painter, Charles W., Chuck L. Hayes, and James N. Stuart "Recovery and Conservation of the Gray-Banded Kingsnake. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. May 1, 2002. [back]
2. Mean = 731.530 meters (2,400.033 feet), Standard Deviation = 917.440 based on 478 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
3. Hammerson, G.A. 2007. Coluber constrictor. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.