Clangula hyemalis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 56 meters (183 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is fully migratory1 although its movements are poorly understood5. It breeds from late-May onwards3 in single pairs or loose groups1, 2, the males leaving the females soon after the start of incubation3 (between late-June and early-September) to gather in small flocks for a flightless moulting period5. Some populations undergo extensive moult migrations of up to 1,000 km , while others moult on waters near the breeding grounds3. Females moult between early-August and early-October on the breeding grounds5, often abandoning their young at the start of the moult (the ducklings then gather into large parentless groups)4. The southward autumn migration occurs from September to October after the post-breeding moult5 and non-breeders may oversummer in the wintering areas3. Outside of the breeding season the species is highly gregarious4, in winter gathering into large aggregations of perhaps several tens of thousands of individuals to roost or to feed in inshore and offshore waters1. The species regularly dives to depths of 3-10 m when foraging (maximum depth 50-60 m)2 and is diurnal2. Habitat Breeding The species breeds on marshy grass tundra in the high Arctic1, 6, especially where habitat mosaics are formed by hummocks and ridges together with moist depressions7, freshwater lakes1, 2, bogs1, slow rivers1, 3 or pools of standing water7. It generally avoids wooded tundra4, 7 but is common among willows or dwarf birch in the arctic-alpine zone (Scandinavia)7. The species also breeds on small rocky islands off mainland Arctic coasts and on larger offshore islands, using promontories, deltas7, coastal inlets1, 3 and islets in fjords (Greenland)7. Non-breeding The species winters at sea , generally far offshore1 in waters 10-35 m deep5, as well as in saline, brackish or fresh estuarine waters4, brackish lagoons1, and inland (very rarely) on large, deep freshwater lakes1. Diet The species showing a preference for marine foods during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons4, its diet consisting predominantly of animal matter7 such as crustaceans1 (e.g. amphipods2 and cladocerans4), molluscs , other marine invertebrates (e.g. echinoderms , worms) and fish1. The species also takes freshwater insects and insect larvae1 as well as plant material such as algae, grasses, and the seeds and fruits of tundra plants1. Breeding site The nest is a natural depression on dry ground positioned in the open, amongst vegetation1, partially hidden by overhanging boulders3 or under low shrubs4 (e.g. willows or dwarf birch)6 usually close to water3. Although it is not a colonial species some pairs may nest in loose groups, and the species may also nest in association with Artic Terns2.

[2].

List of Habitats:

•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.1     Grassland - Tundra   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.1     Marine Neritic - Pelagic   
  
•     9.2     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs   
  
•     9.3     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel   
  
•     9.4     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy   
  
•     9.5     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud   
  
•     9.7     Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp   
  
•     9.9     Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Mostly aquatic invertebrates and fish, with some plant matter.

Reproduction

• Clutch Size: 5-9
• Length of Incubation : 26 (24-29) days
• Days to Fledge : 35-40
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 23-Jan-2007

Similar Species

Northern Pintail

Members of the genus Clangula

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. hyemalis (Swallow-Tailed Duck)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 676.
• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url , , .
• A catalogue of Canadian birds with notes on the distribution of the species / by Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B.: J. McMillan, 1887. url , p. 24.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds, By Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B., J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url p. 131, p. 131, p. 24, p. 24.
• A catalogue of Canadian birds: with notes on the distribution of the species / Saint John, N.B.: J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url , .
• A catalogue of the birds of Indiana / by Amos W. Butler. S.l.: s.n., 1891? url p. 117, p. 23, p. 23.
• A catalogue of the birds of the Virginias / by Wm. C. Rives. Newport, R.I.: Printed for the Society by T.T. Pitman, 1890. url p. 48, p. 95.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 8.
• A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1931. url p. 158.
• A faunal investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario / Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941. url p. 39.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 142, p. 223.
• A handbook to the vertebrate fauna of north Wales. London, Witherby & Co., 1919. url p. 54.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater. .. London, Witherby & co., 1912. url p. 539.
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url p. 181, p. 385.
• A list of the birds of Florida / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 5.
• A list of the birds of Maryland / F.C. Kirkwood. Baltimore, Md., 1895. url p. 267.
• A list of the birds of Maryland, giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds; also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded. By F.C. Kirkwood. .. Baltimore: [Maryland Academy of Sciences], 1895. url p. 267, p. 267, p. 376, p. 376.
• A list of the birds of Maryland: giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds, also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded / Baltimore: Deutsch Lithographing & Print. Co.; 1895. url , .
• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 10.
• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url , .
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 106.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1896. url , .
• A manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States: including the district north and east of the Ozark Mountains, south of the Laurentian Hills, north of the southern boundary of Virginia, and east of the Missouri River, inclusive of marine species / by David Starr Jordan. Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1888. url p. 233.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada / Boston: Little, Brown, 1921. url , .
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• A preliminary catalog of the birds of Missouri / St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1907. url .
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2011. Clangula hyemalis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 11754
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-175147
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 175147
• IUCN ID: 200725
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNJB16010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 6868

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 228.650 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2011. Clangula hyemalis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.