Ciconia nigra

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 659 meters (2,161 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behavior Most populations of this species are fully migratory and travel on a narrow front1 along well-defined routes2, 3. Some breeding populations (e.g. in Spain) are also sedentary , and southern African breeding birds disperse locally after breeding (often with altitudinal movements)1. The species is a solitary nester , the timing of breeding varying between populations but generally coinciding with the local spring in the Palearctic Region and southern Africa1. On migration the species may travel singly5 or in small groups1 of up to 100 individuals5, and on its wintering grounds it is normally observed singly or in small groups of less than 30 individuals3 (although it may also roost communally in South Africa)3. Habitat The species inhabits old, undisturbed, open forests1, 5 from sea-level up to mountainous regions (e.g. 2,000-2,500 m in altitude )2. It forages in shallow streams , pools , marshes1, swampy patches5, damp meadows2, flood-plains, pools in dry riverbeds4 and occasionally grasslands1 especially where there are stands of reeds or long grass3. It generally avoids large bodies of water and dense forest1, but non-breeding birds may frequent the estuaries of tidal rivers in South Africa2. Diet It is predominantly piscivorous although it may also take amphibians , insects, snails, crabs, small reptiles , mammals and birds1. Breeding site The nest is a large construction of sticks1 positioned between 4-25 m high2 in large forest trees1, 9 or on cliffs (southern Africa and Spain)1. The species shows a preference for nesting in trees that have canopies large enough to hold the nest away from the main trunk (e.g. trees 25 m high, 120 years old and with a diameter at breast height of 66 cm)9. It nests solitarily, with pairs spread out in the landscape at a distance of no less than 1 km (even where the species is most numerous )2. The species may occupy the nests of other bird species such as Aquila verreauxi or Hamerkop Scopus umbretta and commonly reuses nests in successive years1. Management information A study in Estonia found that the retention of large older trees during forest management is important in providing nesting sites for the species9. Conservation measures aimed at increasing the species's breeding success and population density should cover large territories of predominantly deciduous woodland and should focus on managing the river quality as far as 20 km away from nesting sites, protecting and managing feeding habitats, and improving food resources by establishing shallow artificial pools in grasslands or along rivers8(Ref. 263498).

List of Habitats:

• 5 Wetlands (inland)
• 5.1 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )
• 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands
• 5.7 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ciconia

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 11 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. abdimii (White-Billed Stork) · C. boyciana (Japanese White Stork) · C. ciconia (European White Stork) · C. ciconia boyciana (Oriental White Stork) · C. ciconia ciconia (Western Palearctic White Stork) · C. episcopus (Bishop Stork) · C. episcopus episcopus (Woolly-Necked Stork) · C. episcopus microscelis (Woolly-Necked Stork) · C. maguari (American Stork) · C. nigra (Black Stork) · C. stormi (Storm's Stork)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A List of British birds / London: John Van Voorst, 1883. url , .
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• A bibliography of Protozoa, sponges, Coelenterata, and worms, including also the Polyzoa, Brachiopoda and Tunicata, for the years 1861-1883 / edited for the syndics of the University Press. CambridgeUniversity Press1885 url p. 187.
• A general history of birds. Winchester [Eng.]Printed by Jacob and Johnson, for the author;1821-28. url p. 51.
• A geographical and comparative list of the birds of Europe and North America / by Charles Lucian Bonaparte. London: J. Van Voorst, 1838. url p. 46.
• A glossary of popular, local and old-fashioned names, of British birds; London: H. Sotheran & Co., 1902. url p. 12, p. 18, p. 33.
• A guide to the birds of Nepal Christopher Helm (Publishers) Ltd. url p. 92.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain / by R. Bowdler Sharpe. London: E. Lloyd, 1896-1897. url p. 100.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 121.
• A hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian empire, by E. C. Stuart Baker. .. Bombay, Printed by order of the committee of the Bombay natural history society[1923] url p. 231.
• A hand-list of the birds of Japan, by M. Ogawa. [Tokyo]1908. url p. 345.
• A handbook of British birds, showing the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants, by J.E. Harting. .. London, J.C. Nimmo, 1901. url p. 437, p. 505, p. 511.
• A handbook of British birds: showing the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants / by J. E. Harting. London: J. van Voorst, 1872. url p. 188, p. 188.
• A handbook of European birds for the use of field naturalists and collectors. By James Backhouse. London, Gurney and Jackson, 1890. url p. 185.
• A handbook of the vertebrate fauna of Yorkshire: being a catalogue of British mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes / by Wm. Eagle Clarke, and Wm. Denison Roebuck. London: Reeve, 1881. url p. 52, p. 52.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Ciconia nigra. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8940
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174909
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2494622
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174909
• IUCN ID: 200440
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 152967

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 584.170 based on 3,760 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.