Cebus apella

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,167 meters (0 to 10,390 feet).[1]

Ecology: Tropical lowland and submontane and montane rain forest , seasonally inundated forest, mangroves and savanna forests. Cebus apella inhabits a wide variety of vegetation types in Suriname and is probably more flexible in choice of habitat than any other primate species in the Guianas. It is common in high rain forest, low rain forest, riverbank high forest, mountain savanna forest, liana forest marsh forest (including Mora forest), swamp forest (including Euterpe Symphonia swamp forest and Mauritia flexuosa open swamp forest), swamp woodland (including Erythrina glaucaand Pterocarpus Tabebuia associations) and various secondary formations, and also has been reported from high forest and white sand savanna forest, savanna scrub, ridge forest (littoral woodland) and mangrove forest (Avicennia) along the coast (Mittermeier 1977; Mittermeier and van Roosmalen 1981). In Guyana, it is one of the species most often encountered along rivers (Muckenhirn et al. 1976). Arboreal quadrupeds, they are typically found in the lower to mid-canopy and understory (Freese and Oppenheimer 1981; Fragaszy et al. 2004; Jack 2007).

Capuchins are frugivores-insectivores, including wide variety of fruits, seeds and arthropods , frogs , nestlings and even small mammals, supplemented by stems, flowers and leaves. They are extractive, manipulative foragers (see Izawa 1979; Fernandes 1991). Largely sympatric with the untufted capuchins, eitherCebus olivaceus or C. albifrons. The species differ most markedly in their diet through their use of palm fruits (Terborgh 1983; Spironello 1991, 2001). Mean group size for Cebus apella is 18 individuals, with numbers of females exceeding the numbers of males (adult sex ratio of 0.85). Males disperse. Both sexes take up linear hierarchies, the top ranking male being dominant to the top ranking female. Subordinate males are often peripheral (Fragaszy et al. 2004). Zhang (1994, 1995a,b; Zhang and Wang 1995a,b) carried out a field study of the ecology and behaviour of this species in French Guiana.

In the Guianas, C. apella group sizes usually range from 10-20 animals (Mittermeier 1977; Spironello 1991; Zhang 1995b). Groups sometimes split into subgroups and forage on their own in different directions . The home range of the best known group in the Voltzberg site of Mittermeier (1977) was roughly 146 ha, and a second group, which ranged outside as well, covered 62 ha of his study area. Larger home ranges have been recorded by Zhang (1995b) in French Guiana (approximately 355 ha) and by Spironello (2001) north of Manaus in Brazil (around 900 ha).

Size: Adult male 1.35-4.8 kg (mean 3.05 kg); adult female: 1.76-3.4 kg (mean 2.4 kg) (Jack 2007).

Cebus apella margaritae
The vegetation cover of the mountains inhabit by Margarita Island Capuchins have particular ecological interest, because they support an isolated cloud forest at an exceptionally low altitude (ca. 600 m above sea level) contrasting with an arid lowland (Sugden 1986). Home range is about 78 ha (Márquez and Sanz 1991; Sanz and Márquez 1994). The diet is comprised of fruits, insects, flowers, leaves, seeds and piths . Margarita Island Capuchins are particularly shy and cryptic, avoiding human contact probably due to the hunting pressure .[2].

List of Habitats:

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.5     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     1.7     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level   
  
•     1.8     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp   
  
•     1.9     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane   
  
•     2     Savanna   
  
•     2.2     Savanna - Moist   
[more info]

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 30-Jul-2002

Silva Jr (2001, 2002) argued that the tufted capuchins and the untufted capuchins (sensu Hershkovitz 1949, 1955) are so distinct in their morphology that they should be considered separate genera. Cebus Erxleben, 1777 for the untufted group, and Sapajus Kerr, 1792 is the name available for the tufted capuchins.

Taxonomic studies have been carried out by Torres de Assumpção (1983; Torres 1988). Taxonomy of the tufted capuchins (sensu Hershkovitz 1949, 1955) here follows Silva Jr (2001), who did not recognize any subspecific forms. Groves (2001, 2005) presented an alternative taxonomy for the tufted capuchins as follows: C. apella apella (Linnaeus, 1758); C. apella fatuellus (Linnaeus, 1766); C. apella macrocephalus Spix, 1823; C. apella peruanus Thomas, 1901; C. apella tocantinus Lönnberg, 1939; C. apella margaritae Hollister, 1914; C. libidinosus libidinosus Spix, 1823; C. libidinosus pallidus Gray, 1866; C. libidinosus paraguayanus Fischer, 1829; C. libidinosus juruanus Lönnberg, 1939; C. nigritus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809); C. nigritus robustus Kuhl, 1820; C. nigritus cucullatus Spix, 1823; C. xanthosternos Wied-Neuwied, 1826 (see Fragaszy et al. 2004; Rylands et al. 2005).

Groves (2001) and Silva Jr. (2001) differ in their definitions of the forms Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cebus macrocephalus Spix, 1823. Cebus apella fatuellus (Linnaeus, 1766), C. apella peruanus Thomas, 1901, and C. libidinosus juruanus Lönnberg, 1939 recognized by Groves (2001) are considered junior synonyms of C. macrocephalus by Silva Jr. (2001). C. apella tocantinus Lönnberg, 1939 recognized by Groves (2001) is considered a junior synonym of C. apella by Silva Jr. (2001).

Whereas all other tufted capuchins are considered species (following Silva Jr., 2001), the taxonomic status of the Margarita Island Capuchin has still to be reviewed. Silva Jr. (2001) did not examine specimens from the Island of Margarita, Venezuela. Groves (2001; see also Linares 1998) supposed that it was introduced in Pre-Columbian times, and found it to be more closely allied to C. a. fatuellus than with C. a. apella. Note that C. a. fatuellus is recognized as a valid subspecies by Groves, but considered by Silva Jr (2001) to be a junior synonym of C. macrocephalus.[2].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Cebus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 35 species and subspecies in this genus:

C. albifrons (Brown Pale-Fronted Capuchin) · C. albifrons aequatorialis (Ecuadorian White-Fronted Capuchin) · C. albifrons albifrons (White-Fronted Capuchin) · C. albifrons cesarae (R?o Cesar White-Fronted Capuchin) · C. albifrons cuscinus (Shock-Headed Capuchin) · C. albifrons malitiosus (Santa Marta White-Fronted Capuchin) · C. albifrons trinitatis (Trinidad White-Fronted Capuchin) · C. albifrons versicolor (Varied White-Fronted Capuchin) · C. albifrons yuracus (Andean White-Fronted Capuchin) · C. apella (Guianan/margarita Island Brown Capuchin) · C. apella apella (Guianan Brown Capuchin) · C. apella fatuellus (Brown Capuchin) · C. apella margaritae (Margarita Island Capuchin) · C. apella paraguayanus (Brown Capuchin) · C. apella robustus (Brown Capuchin) · C. capucinus (White-Faced Sapajou) · C. capucinus capucinus (Colombian White-Throated Capuchin) · C. capucinus curtus (Gorgona White-Throated Capuchin) · C. capucinus imitator (Panamanian White-Throated Capuchin) · C. capucinus limitaneus (Honduran White-Throated Capuchin Monkey) · C. cay (Azarass Capuchin) · C. flavius (Blonde Capuchin) · C. kaapori (Kaapor Capuchin) · C. libidinosus (Bearded Capuchin) · C. macrocephalus (Large-Headed Capuchin) · C. nigritus (Black-Horned Capuchin) · C. olivaceus (Weeper Capuchin Monkey) · C. olivaceus apiculatus (Hershkovitz' Weeper Capuchin) · C. olivaceus brunneus (Brown Weeper Capuchin) · C. olivaceus castaneus (Chestnut Capuchin) · C. olivaceus kaapori (Ka'apor Capuchin) · C. olivaceus nigrivittatus (Grey Weeper Capuchin) · C. olivaceus olivaceus (Guianan Weeper Capuchin) · C. robustus (Crested Capuchin) · C. xanthosternos (Buff-Headed Capuchin)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 31, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Rylands, A.B., Boubli, J.-P., Mittermeier, R.A. & Wallace, R.B. 2008. Cebus apella. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:

• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics, Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Field Museum, Mammal specimens
• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Vertebrate specimens
• Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Mammal specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum Mammal Collection
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Mammal specimens
• University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History, Mammal specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 108960
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-572976
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 572976
• IUCN ID: 198356
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 2930

Footnotes

1. Mean = 573.560 meters (1,881.759 feet), Standard Deviation = 854.520 based on 236 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Rylands, A.B., Boubli, J.-P., Mittermeier, R.A. & Wallace, R.B. 2008. Cebus apella. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 31 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.