Bubo virginianus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The Great horned owl occupies a wider variety of habitats and has a distribution greater than any other owl. It is found in the northern boreal forests , the rainforest of Central America and the Amazon Basin , and coastal mangrove forests and desert regions of both North and South America.

Vegetation: montaine evergreen forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, tropical deciduous forests, gallery forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine-oak forests, arid lowland scrubs, arid montane scrubs • Maximum Elevation: 4,400 meters • Foraging Strata: Canopy • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.5     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     1.9     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.5     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     3.7     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

It hunts mostly during the night, perching on a lower tree limb (or other perch) with a good view . When it sees a food item, it swoops down to capture it. Its diet includes small mammals (especially rabbits and rodents), birds, small vertebrates , amphibians , and occasionally some fish and insects.

A variety of animals are included in the owl's diet such as shrews, rabbits, squirrels, skunks, hawks, fish and frogs . Distinct preferences for rabbits, rats , and mice. Other prey : opossums, muskrats, woodchucks, squirrels, gophers, and meadow mice. Known to kill: porcupines, cats, skunks, and large birds like ducks, geese, swans, grouse, turkey, and chicken. When prey is limited, they will take many kinds of hawks, owls, snakes , frogs, lizards, crayfish, and other kinds of fish and large insects.

Prey is taken to a regular feeding perch or the nest to be eaten, usually in whole or large pieces . Twelve to eighteen hours later a pellet is regurgitated. Along with providing the bird with a means of getting rid of the undigestible parts of its prey, the regurgitation of the pellet scrapes off bacteria growing in the owl's throat .

Reproduction

The breeding season begins in mid-December, peaks in mid-January to March, and extends until late April. The Great Horned Owl nests in a variety of wooded habitats , on top of nests abandoned by animals such as hawks, crows, or squirrels. The female lays 1-6 (usually 2-3) eggs that she incubates for 26-35 days. The male feeds the female while she is on the eggs. The young are semi-altricial, and fledge about 35 days after hatching . Both adults care for the young while they remain in the nest.

Great Horned Owls do not build nests, but they will use the old nests of hawks, herons, eagles, and crows. They mostly use nests that were used by the red tailed hawk and regularly take over active nest of these species. They may also use an abandoned nest of a red-tailed hawk, crow, bald eagle, or heron located at a height of 15-79 feet. A nest is rarely used more than once and any damage done to the nest is not repaired. Owlets have been known to be raised in the corner of an active bald eagles nest. There are usually 2-3 eggs laid from early January to February. After hatching the young owls often spend 10 days to 2 weeks on the nest protected by their parents until they are capable of fight.

They raise one brood of young per year. Two to five eggs are laid on successive days with incubation beginning with the laying of the first egg. The eggs are incubated 34-36 days.

The great horned owl reaches maturity at two years. While it is difficult to determine the longevity of this bird in the wild, in captivity they often live past twenty years.

Clutch Size: 1-4 Length of Incubation: 26-35 days Days to Fledge: 35 Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Nonmigratory

Behavior

Great horned owls are typical nocturnal hunters, though occasionally they are seen in daylight. When owls are not hunting, they are anything but silent. They have blood curdling screams, hoots, whistles, coughs and screeches. Their night sounds are sometimes territorial warnings to other males or, more often, mating calls .

The call of this owl is a long series of hooo's. The sound of the hoot of the male owl is deep while the sound of the female is at a higher pitch. The males usually give four to five hoots; females (lower in pitch) six to eight hoots.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) • Bubo virginianus (J. F. Gmelin, 1788)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 28-Sep-2005

Similar Species

Long-Eared Owl, Great Gray Owl

Members of the genus Bubo

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 45 species and subspecies in this genus:

B. africanus (Spotted Eagle Owl) · B. africanus africanus (Spotted Eagle Owl) · B. ascalaphus (Pharaoh Eagle Owl) · B. bengalensis (Indian Eagle Owl) · B. blakistoni (Blakiston's Fish Owl) · B. blakistoni blakistoni (Blakiston's Fish-Owl) · B. bubo (Northern Eagle Owl) · B. bubo bengalensis (Indian Eagle Owl) · B. capensis (Cape Eagle Owl) · B. capensis capensis (Cape Eagle Owl) · B. cinerascens (Greyish Eagle-Owl) · B. coromandus (Dusky Eagle Owl) · B. coromandus coromandus (Dusky Eagle Owl) · B. flavipes (Tawny Fish Owl) · B. ketupu (Slender-Tailed Nightjar) · B. lacteus (Milky Eagle Owl) · B. leucostictus (Akun Eagle Owl) · B. magellanicus (Lesser Horned Owl) · B. nipalensis (Forest Eagle-Owl) · B. nipalensis nipalensis (Spot-Bellied Eagle Owl) · B. philippensis (Philippine Eagle Owl) · B. philippensis philippensis (Philippine Eagle Owl) · B. poensis (Fraser's Eagle Owl) · B. poensis poensis (Fraser's Eagle-Owl) · B. scandiaca (Snowy Owl) · B. scandiacus (Snowy Owl) · B. shelleyi (Shelley's Eagle Owl) · B. sumatrana (Barred Eagle-Owl) · B. sumatranus (Barred Eagle Owl) · B. sumatranus sumatranus (Barred Eagle-Owl) · B. virginianus (Virginia Horned Owl) · B. virginianus algistus (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus elachistus (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus heterocnemis (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus lagophonus (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus mayensis (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus nacurutu (American Horned Owl) · B. virginianus occidentalis (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus pacificus (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus pallescens (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus saturatus (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus virginianus (Great Horned Owl) · B. virginianus wapacuthu (Great Horned Owl) · B. vosseleri (Usambara Eagle Owl) · B. zeylonensis (Brown Fish Owl)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• Vertebrate zoo?logy, New York, Macmillan, 1920. url .
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• Vertebrates of Ontario, by C. W. Nash. Department of Education, Toronto. Printed by order of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Toronto, L. K. Cameron, 1908 url p. 47.
• Washington State Coastal Zone Management Program amendment no. 3: approval of the Grays Harbor estuary management plan: program draft environmental impact statement. [Olympia, Wash.?]: Grays Harbor Regional Planning Commission; 1983. url p. 7.
• Wild animals of Glacier National Park. The mammals, Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1918. url .
• Wild birds in city parks; being hints on identifying 200 birds, prepared primarily for the spring migration in Lincoln Park, Chicago, but adapted to other localities, by Herbert Eugene Walter and Alice Hall Walter. [St. Johnsbury, Vt., Press of the St. Johnsbury republican co.]1910. url p. 28.
• Wild life in Canada / by Angus Buchanan; with numerous photographs by the author. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild and Stewart, 1920. url p. 242.
• Wild life in Canada, by Captain Angus Buchanan. .. with numerous photographs by the author. New York: F. A. Stokes, 1920. url p. 242.
• World Checklist of Threatened Birds Joint Nature Conservation Committee url p. 129.
• Wyoming birds and their value to agriculture, Laramie, Wyoming, 1916. url .
• Zoologica; scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society. New York. url p. 46.
• Zoology: a textbook for universities, colleges and normal schools / Thomas Walton Galloway. Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1915. url p. 420, p. 421.
• Zoology; a text-book for secondary schools, normal schools and colleges, by Thomas Walton Galloway. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, 1909. url p. 416, p. 416, p. 417, p. 417.
• Zoology; a text-book for universities, colleges and normal schools, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[c1922] url .

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Bubo virginianus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 31January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 9703
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-686895
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481930
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 177884
• IUCN ID: 196206
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNSB05010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 257

Footnotes

1. Mean = 28.890 meters (94.783 feet), Standard Deviation = 45.170 based on 135,886 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.