Balearica regulorum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Vulnerable

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Grassland near water.

Ecology: Behaviour This species is not migratory although it may make variable local and seasonal movements depending on the abundance and distribution of food, nest-sites and rainfall1. The timing of breeding varies in relation to the rains, with the breeding of East African populations peaking during dry periods, but with the breeding of populations in the drier parts of southern Africa peaking during wet periods1. The species nests in solitary territorial pairs3, 4 but often flocks together1 and roosts communally at night4 in groups of up to 20-200 individuals3 during dry periods in the drier part of its range (e.g. Namibia and South Africa)1. The abundance and distribution of food and suitable nesting sites are the key ecological factors determining the size of the home range of this species and the extent of local and seasonal population movements2. Habitat The species inhabits wetlands such as marshes, pans and dams with tall emergent vegetation4, riverbanks2, open riverine woodland, shallowly flooded plains3 and temporary pools1 with adjacent grasslands, open savannas , croplands1,2, pastures, fallow fields and irrigated areas1. It shows a preference for short to medium height open grasslands adjacent to wetlands for foraging2, and breeds within or at the edges of wetlands2 especially in marshes with water 1 m deep and with emergent vegetation 1 m above the water3. It roosts in water along rivers or in marshes, or perches on nearby trees2,3. Diet The species is a generalist , its diet consisting of seed heads (e.g. of sedges Cyperus spp. ), new tips of grasses1, agricultural pulses, nuts and grain2, insects (Orthoptera, larval Lepidoptera), frogs , lizards and crabs Potamon spp.1. Breeding site The nest is a circular platform of uprooted grasses and sedges1 concealed in tall emergent vegetation (greater than 1 m in height)2,3 in or along the margins of wetlands such as marshes1 with water c.1 m deep3. The species may also rarely nest in trees1[1].

List of Habitats :

• 2 Savanna
• 2.1 Savanna - Dry
• 4 Grassland
• 4.4 Grassland - Temperate
• 4.6 Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded
• 5 Wetlands (inland)
• 5.1 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )
• 14 Artificial/Terrestrial
• 14.1 Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land
• 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland
• 15 Artificial/Aquatic and Marine
• 15.8 Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land

Biology

Diet

Crowned Cranes feed on a variety of seeds, insects, and other small animals. They sometimes stamp their feet in the grass to flush out potential prey .

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Balearica regulorum (Bennett • Balearica regulorum (Bennett, 1834) • Balearica regulorum (E. T. Bennett, 1834)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Balearica

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 7 species and subspecies in this genus:

B. pavonia (Tiburon Peninsula Limia) · B. pavonina (West African Crowned Crane) · B. pavonina ceciliae (Sudan Crowned Crane) · B. pavonina pavonina (Black Crowned Crane) · B. regulorum (Golden Crowned Crane) · B. regulorum gibbericeps (Crowned Crane) · B. regulorum regulorum (South African Crowned Crane)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A catalogue of the menagerie and aviary at Knowsley: formed by the late Earl of Derby. .. which will be sold by auction / by Mr. J.C. Stevens, on the premises, Knowsley Hall, near Liverpool, on Monday, 6th October, 1851. .. Liverpool: Joshua Walmsley, 1851. url p. 40.
• A global directory of tropical montane cloud forests. Draft WCMC url p. 70.
• A naturalist on Lake Victoria: with an account of sleeping sickness and the tse-tse fly / by G.D. Hale Carpenter. .. with 2 coloured plates, a map, charts, and 87 illustrations. New York: E. P. Dutton, c1920. url p. 152, p. 324.
• A naturalist on lake Victoria, with an account of sleeping sickness and the tse-tse fly, by G.D. Hale Carpenter. .. with 2 coloured plates, a map, charts, and 87 illustrations. London, T.F. Unwin ltd.[1920] url p. 152.
• Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Cape Town [etc., South African Museum, etc.] url p. 357.
• Annotated CITES Appendices and Reservations CITES, WCMC url p. 74.
• Annotated CITES appendices and reservations 1988 IUCN url p. 60.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 89, p. 99.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 138.
• Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. London: The Club, 1893- url p. 30.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. url p. 274.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. url p. 370, p. 96.
• Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British museum (Natural history). London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1901-12. url p. 370, p. 96.
• Checklist of CITES Species CITES, WCMC url p. 107, p. 160, p. 221.
• Checklist of CITES Species: a reference to the appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES url p. 139, p. 217, p. 72.
• Checklist of birds listed in the CITES appendices and in EC Regulation 338/97 JNCC url p. 90.
• Contributions to the knowledge of the East African ornithology. Birds collected by the Swedish Mount Elgon Expedition 1920. Lund, C. Blom, 1923. url p. 27.
• Genera avium / Brussels: V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, 1905-1914. url p. 9.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 209, p. 225, p. 255, p. 263, p. 286, p. 333, p. 348, p. 363, p. 376, p. 388, p. 389, p. 402, p. 412, p. 439, p. 450, p. 496, p. 498, p. 614, p. 769, p. 94.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. LondonPublished for the International Council by the Royal Society of London1901-1920 url p. 31.
• Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford [etc.]Royal Microscopical Society. url p. 147.
• List of the vertebrated animals living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. London: Printed for the Society, 1862. url p. 75.
• List of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. London, Printed for the Society, 1896. url p. 519.
• List of vertebrated animals living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. .. London, Printed for the Society, 1866. url p. 158.
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 86.
• Notes on the birds of Damara Land and the adjacent countries of South-west Africa. London, J. van Voorst, 1872. url , .
• Notes on the birds of Damara land and the adjacent countries of the south-west Africa. By the late Charles John Anderson. .. Arranged and edited by John Henry Gurney, with some additional notes by the editor, and and introductory chapter containing a sketch of the author's life, abridge London, J. van Voorst1872. url , p. 279.
• Papers presented to the World's congress on ornithology; Chicago, C. H. Sergel company, 1896. url .
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 576, p. 576.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 965, p. 966.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 31.
• Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London: Academic Press, [etc.], 1833-1965. url , , p. 1036, p. 201, p. 204, p. 9, p. 93.
• Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ending June 30. .. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1933-1965. url p. 138, p. 87.
• Revised list of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. Supplement containing additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. London, For the Society, 1875. url p. 52.
• Sketches of South African bird-life, Cape Town, T. M. Miller, 1914. url .
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 37.
• The Avicultural magazine. Ascot, Berkshire, etc.: Avicultural Society, etc. url , , , p. 185, p. 185, p. 235, p. 352, p. 59.
• The Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union. Pretoria. url , p. 106, p. 111, p. 124, p. 128, p. 202, p. 32, p. 48, p. 54, p. 7.
• The birds of India: being a natural history of all the birds known to inhabit continental India, with descriptions of the species, genera, families, tribes, and orders, and a brief notice of such families as are not foun Calcutta: Printed for the Author by the Military Orphan Press. .., 1862-1864. url p. 667.
• The birds of South Africa / by Edgar Leopold Layard. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1875-1884. url p. 629.
• The birds of South Africa, London, R. H. Porter, 1900-1906. url , .
• The birds of South Africa, by Arthur C. Stark. .. London: R. H. Porter, 1900-1906. url , p. 284.
• The collected scientific papers of the late Alfred Henry Garrod, M.A., F.R.S. / edited, with a biographical memoir of the author, by W.A. Forbes. London: R.H. Porter, 1881. url p. 333, p. 524.
• The making of species, by Douglas Dewar...and Frank Finn...with fifteen illustrations. London, J. Lane Company, 1909. url p. 390.
• The myology of the whooping crane, Grus americana Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1955. url p. 123.
• The natural history of the cranes. [London]Pub. for the author by H. Cox [etc.]1881. url , , , .
• The structure and classification of birds, London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1898. url , .
• Through Angola, a coming colony, by Colonel J. C. B. Statham. .. With 138 illustrations, 2 maps and 4 charts. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & sons, 1922. url p. 275.
• Travels in the interior of South Africa, comprising fifteen years' hunting and trading; with journeys across the continent from Natal to Walvis Bay, and visits to Lake Ngami and the Victoria Falls. By James Chapman. Illustrated with maps and numerous engravings. London, Bell & Daldy, 1868. url p. 235.
• World Checklist of Threatened Birds Joint Nature Conservation Committee url p. 73, p. 73.
• Zambezia: a general description of the valley of the Zambezi River, from its delta to the River Aroangwa, with its history, agriculture, flora, fauna, and ethnography / London: J. Murray, 1910. url .
• Zoologist. London.1843-1916 url p. 150, p. 4553.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. Balearica regulorum. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. and lt;www.iucnredlist.org and gt;. Downloaded on 21 October 2006.
• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Balearica regulorum. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 03, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Miami MetroZoo, Miami, FL USA
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 03, 2008:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 9126
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-558845
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13821550
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 558845
• IUCN ID: 193934
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 129749

Footnotes

1. BirdLife International 2009. Balearica regulorum. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 January 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.