Agelaius phoeniceus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

The Red-winged Blackbird inhabits both wetland areas, such as freshwater and saltwater marshes, and dry upland areas, such as meadow, prairies, and old fields .

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, saltwater and brackish marshes, arid lowland scrubs, riparian thickets • Maximum Elevation: 3,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Midstory • Center of Abundance: Middle montane: mountains, middle range, 1,600-2,600 m. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

During the breeding season , it forages primarily on insects and other invertebrates . During the winter months it feeds primarily on grains. Large foraging flocks are common during winter and, less commonly, during the summer away from the breeding territories. Large migratory flocks may be observed during fall and early spring . Predation of eggs and nestlings is common.

Reproduction

Breeding season lasts from February through August. The birds commonly nest in marsh or prairie habitat . The female builds a cup-shaped nest about 1-2 m (3-6 ft ) above ground or water. She weaves the nesting material , usually grasses or reeds, into several upright cattails, reeds, or grasses for support . The female lays 3 - 4 greenish-blue eggs with brown spots, which she incubates for 11 days. Young are altricial. Both parents feed insects and insect larvae to the nestlings for 14 days. Then the young fledge from the nest. Red-winged Blackbirds are often polygamous.

• Breeding Habitat: Wetland-open water
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 3-4
• Length of Incubation : 10-12 days
• Days to Fledge: 11-14
• Number of Broods: 2, occasionally 3

Migration

Migratory

Behavior

Nest predators include birds, snakes , and the Raccoon.

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Oct-2007

Similar Species

Tricolored Blackbird

Members of the genus Agelaius

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 19 species and subspecies in this genus:

A. assimilis (Red-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. cyanopus cyanopus (Unicoloured Blackbird) · A. flavus (Saffron-Cowled Blackbird) · A. humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. humeralis humeralis (Tawny-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. icterocephalus icterocephalus (Yellow-Hooded Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus (Red-And-Buff-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus arctolegus (Red-Winged Blackbird) · A. phoeniceus phoeniceus (Red-Winged Blackbird) · A. ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. ruficapillus ruficapillus (Chestnut-Capped Blackbird) · A. thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. thilius thilius (Yellow-Winged Blackbird) · A. tricolor (Red-And-White-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthomus xanthomus (Yellow-Shouldered Blackbird) · A. xanthophthalmus (Yellow-Eyed Blackbird)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A Florida sketch-book by Bradford Torrey BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company[c1894] url p. 97, p. 98.
• A Florida sketch-book, BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company, 1894. url p. 97.
• A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1902. url .
• A biological survey of the sand dune region on the south shore of Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Lansing, Mich.: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford co., state printers, 1911. url p. 239, p. 241, p. 290, p. 319.
• A catalogue of the birds of Indiana / by Amos W. Butler. S.l.: s.n., 1891? url p. 66.
• A catalogue of the birds of the Virginias / by Wm. C. Rives. Newport, R.I.: Printed for the Society by T.T. Pitman, 1890. url p. 70.
• A catalogue of the flowering plants and higher cryptogams, both native and introduced, found within about thirty miles of Hanover, N. H., including a few cultivated species, to which is appended a list of vertebrate animals of the same region. By Henry Jesup. [Hanover?]Printed for the Author, 1891. url p. 72.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 16.
• A comparison of the animal communities of coniferous and deciduous forests, Urbana, Ill., c1927 url p. 116.
• A distributional list of the birds of Arizona / Hollywood, Calif.: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1914. url .
• A faunal investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario / Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941. url p. 83.
• A faunal investigation of the Sault Ste. Marie region, Ontario / [Toronto]: Royal Ontario Museum, 1942. url p. 147.
• A faunal investigation of western Rainy River District, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1938. url p. 207.
• A first book upon the birds of Oregon and Washington; a pocket guide and pupil's assistant in a study of most of the land birds and a few of the water birds of these states. By William Rogers Lord. Portland, Ore., W. R. Lord, 1913 [c1902] url p. 274.
• A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. 36 1958 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. url p. 621.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and nearly 100 cuts in the text. BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904 url p. 353.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 219.
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• First report of the state zoo?logist: accompanied with Notes on the birds of Minnesota / by P.L. Hatch, Henry F. Nachtrieb, state zoo?logist. Minneapolis: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: 1892. url p. 450, p. 467.
• Fishery bulletin. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, The Service, U.S. Govt Print. Off. url p. 530.
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• Genera insectorum / publiés par P. Wytsman. Bruxelles, L. Desmet-Verteneuil [etc.]1902-1970. url p. 12.
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• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1976 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url fig. 64, page 182, p. 200, p. 212, p. 218, p. 222, p. 226, p. 228, p. 229, p. 262.
• Guide to taxidermy, by Chas. K. Reed and Chester A. Reed. Illustrated by drawings and photographs of mounted specimens by the authors and Mr. N. F. Stone. Worcester, Mass., C.K. Reed, 1914. url p. 276.
• Habit and instinct by C. Lloyd Morgan. London; E. Arnold, 1896. url p. 220.
• Handbook of birds of eastern North America / by Frank M. Chapman. New York: D. Appleton, 1904. url p. 419.
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• History of Pasadena, comprising an account of the native Indian, Pasadena, Cal., Pasadena history company, 1895. url p. 596.
• History of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Illustrating 529 birds. Topeka, Kan., G. W. Crane, 1891. url p. 398.
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• Lake Maxinkuckee. A physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann...and Howard Walton Clark... [Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 645.
• Lake Superior. [With a narrative of the tour by J. Elliot Cabot. Huntington, N.Y.]R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1974 [c1850] url p. 385.
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• Land birds of the Pacific district, San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, 1890. url .
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• List of birds resident in summer near the city of Baltimore. url , p. 130.
• Louisiana herpetology, with a checklist of the batrachians and reptiles of the state and the avifauna of Louisiana, with an annotated list of the birds of the state / by George E. Beyer. New Orleans: [s.n.]1900. url p. 31.
• Lund easement baseline biological inventory / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2001 url .
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• Michigan bird life: a list of all the bird species known to occur in the State together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, with special reference to its relation t by Walter Bradford Barrows. Lansing: Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. url p. 439.
• Migration of birds. by Frederick C. Linclon; revised by Steven R. Peterson; associate editor Peter A. Anastasi; illustrated by Bob Hines. Washington: Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1979. url p. 115.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1960 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 5, p. 51, p. 55.
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• Natural history. New York: American Museum of Natural History. url p. 165.
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• P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution / revised by the Montana Bird Distribution Committee. [Helena, MT]:Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996 url p. 111.
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• Pamphlets on forestry in Maryland. [1900?- url p. 301.
• Postilla. 1968 New Haven, Conn.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, [1950?]-c2004. url fig. 1 , p. 11.
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• Problems of genetics. New HavenYale University Press1913 url p. 120.
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• Station bulletin. Durham, N.H.: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, 1948- url p. 125.
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• The Ecology of arboreal folivores: a symposium held at the Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, May 29-31, 1975 / Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. url p. 112.
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• The birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. By Charles Wendell Townsend, M.D. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1905. url p. 245.
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• The birds of Montreal, Montreal, W. Drysdale & co., 1896. url p. 91.
• The birds of New Jersey / by Witmer Stone. Trenton: J.L. Murphy Pub. Co., 1909. url , p. 210.
• The birds of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other island Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1901- url , , , , , , .
• The birds of Ohio; a complete scientific and popular description of the 320 species of birds found in the state, Columbus, The Wheaton Publishing Co., 1903, [c1902] url , , .
• The birds of Rhode Island. [n. p.]1899. url p. 67.
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• The birds of Springfield and vicinity / Springfield, Mass.: Henry R. Johnson, l901. url .
• The birds of Texas; an annotated check list, Waco, Tex., The University, 1912. url .
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• The birds of eastern North America known to occur east of the nineteenth meridian. .. by Charles B. Cory. .. Chicago, Special edition printed for the Field Columbian museum, 1899. url p. 222, p. 223.
• The birds of eastern North America: with original descriptions of all the species which occur east of the Mississippi River, between the Arctic circle and the Gulf of Mexico, with full notes upon their habits, etc., / by C.J. Maynard... Newtonville, Mass.: C.J. Maynard & co., 1896. url p. 698.
• The birds of eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with introductory chapters on geographical distribution and migration, prepared under the direction of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club by Witmer Stone. Philadelphia, Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, 1894. url p. 177.
• The birds of the Cambridge region of Massachusetts. Cambridge, Mass., The Club, 1906. url .
• The birds of the Chicago area / [Chicago, Jennings and Graham], 1907. url , .
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• The birds of the Lake St. Martin region, Manitoba / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1937. url p. 44.
• The book of birds, common birds of town and country and American game birds, by Henry W. Henshaw. Illustrated in natural colors with 250 paintings, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes; with chapters of "Encouraging birds around the home, " by F. H. Kennard; "The mysteries of bird migratio 1918 Washington, D. C.: National Geographic Society, 1918. url figure , p. 61.
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• The changing Illinois environment: critical trends: technical report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, 1994. url p. 150.
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• The ecology of delta marshes of coastal Louisiana: a community profile / by James G. Gosselink. Washington, DC: National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Division of Biological Services, Research Development, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior: 1984. url p. 133.
• The eggs of European birds / by Francis C.R. Jourdain. London: R.H. Porter, 1906. url p. 43.
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• The naturalisation of animals & plants in New Zealand, by Geo. M. Thomson. Cambridge [Eng.]: The University Press, 1922. url p. 164.
• The naturalist of the Saint Croix. Memoir of George A. Boardman. A selection from his correspondence and published writings, notices of friends and contemporaries, with his list of the birds of Maine and New Brunswick. By Samuel Lane Boardman... Bangor, Priv. print., 1903. url p. 305, p. 305.
• The published writings of George Newbold Lawrence, 1844-1891 / by L. S. Foster. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1892. url p. 39, p. 61.
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• Transactions of the Canadian Institute. Toronto: Canadian Institute. url p. 102, p. 105, p. 6, p. 69, p. 92.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- url p. 171.
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• [Collected reprints, 1902-1928. s.l., s.n.19--] url , , , .
• [Collected reprints, 1911-1931. s.l., s.n., 19--] url .

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Agelaius phoeniceus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 14, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The New York Botanical Garden: Bronx River Bioblitz
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8017
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179045
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2497311
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179045
• IUCN ID: 189281
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBXB0010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 894

Footnotes

1. Mean = 28.640 meters (93.963 feet), Standard Deviation = 44.340 based on 109,517 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.