Description
Family Commelinaceae
Herbs annual
or perennial
, sometimes woody at base
. Stems with prominent
nodes and internodes. Leaves alternate, distichous or spirally arranged
, sessile or petiolate
; leaf sheath
prominent, open or closed
; leaf blade
simple
, entire
. Inflorescence usually of cincinni in panicles or solitary, sometimes shortened into heads
, sometimes sessile with flowers fascicled, sometimes axillary
and penetrating enveloping leaf sheath, rarely flowers solitary and terminal
or axillary. Flowers bisexual
, rarely unisexual
, actinomorphic
or zygomorphic. Sepals 3, free
or connate
only at base, often boat-shaped
or carinate
, sometimes galeate
at apex. Petals (2 or) 3, free, sometimes connate and tubular
at middle
and free at 2 ends ( Cyanotis), sometimes clawed. Stamens 6, free, all or only 2 or 3 fertile
; filaments
glabrous
or torulose
villous
; anthers
parallel or slightly divergent, longitudinally dehiscent
, rarely dehiscent by apical pores
; staminodes 1--3; antherodes 4-lobed and butterflylike, 3-sect, 2-lobed and dumbbell-shaped, or entire. Ovary 3-loculed, or reduced to 2-loculed; ovules 1 to several per locule, orthotropous
. Fruit a loculicidal, 2- or 3-valved capsule, rarely baccate
and indehiscent. Seeds few, large; endosperm copious
; hilum
orbicular
or linear
.
About 40 genera and 650 species: mainly in tropical regions
, fewer species in subtropical
and temperate regions
; 15 genera (two introduced
) and 59 species (12 endemic, three introduced) in China.Deyuan Hong & Robert A. DeFilipps "Commelinaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 19. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Genus Commelina
Herbs, perennial
or annual
. Roots
thin or tuberous
. Leaves 2-ranked or spirally arranged
, not glaucous; blade
sessile or petiolate
. Inflorescences terminal
, leaf-opposed; cymes 1--2, enclosed in spathes
, proximal
cyme several-flowered, distal cyme vestigial or with 1--several staminate flowers
; spathes often filled with mucilaginous
liquid, margins
distinct
or basally connate
; bracteoles usually absent. Flowers bisexual
and staminate
, bilaterally symmetric
; pedicels well developed; sepals distinct or proximal 2 connate, unequal; petals distinct, proximal petal often different color than distal 2, smaller or subequal
, distal 2 blue (occasionally lilac, lavender, yellow, peach, apricot, or white), clawed; stamens (5--) 6, proximal 3 fertile
, medial
different in form, size from others, distal (2--) 3 staminodial; filaments
glabrous
; antherodes commonly 4--6-lobed; ovary 2--3-locular, ovules 1--2 per locule, 1-seriate. Capsules 2--3-valved, 2--3-locular. Seeds 1--2 per locule; hilum
linear
; embryotega
lateral
. x
= 11--15.
Species ca.
170: almost worldwide, mainly tropical
."Commelina". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
)
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
)
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
(
)
- Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Flowering Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
)
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
)
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Liliopsida
(
)
- Scopoli, 1760
- Subclass:
Commelinidae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Commelinanae
(
)
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Order:
Commelinales
(
)
- Dumortier, 1829
- Family:
Commelinaceae
(
)
- R. Brown, 1810
- Spiderwort Family
- Genus:
Commelina
(
)
- Dayflower, widow's-tears [for the two Dutch botanists Jan and Kaspar Commelijn, because of the two showy petals]
- Specific epithet:
diffusa
- (J.K.Morton) E.N.Kayemba-Ogwal
- Botanical name: - Commelina diffusa aquatica (J.K.Morton) E.N.Kayemba-Ogwal
- Specific epithet:
diffusa
- (J.K.Morton) E.N.Kayemba-Ogwal
- Genus:
Commelina
(
- Family:
Commelinaceae
(
- Order:
Commelinales
(
- Superorder:
Commelinanae
(
- Subclass:
Commelinidae
(
- Class:
Liliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Similar Species
Members of the genus Commelina
There are approximately 461 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:
C. acuminata · C. acutispatha · C. acutissima · C. aequinoctiale · C. aequinoctialis · C. aequinoxialis · C. aethiopica · C. africana · C. africana africana · C. africana var. karooica · C. agraria · C. agrostophylla · C. albescens · C. albiflora · C. alpestris · C. ambigua · C. amphibia · C. amplexicaulis · C. ancilema · C. angolensis · C. angustissima · C. appendiculata · C. aquatica · C. arenicola · C. ascendens · C. aspera · C. assurgens · C. attenuata · C. aurantiiflora · C. auriculata · C. avenifolia · C. axillaris · C. baidoensis · C. bainesii · C. bakueana · C. bambusifolia · C. bambusifolioides · C. bangii · C. barbata · C. beccariana · C. bella · C. benghalensis (Benghal Dayflower) · C. benghalensis 'Variegata' · C. benghalensis hirsuta · C. benghalensis L. var. benghalensis · C. benghaliensis · C. beniniensis · C. bequaertii · C. bianoensis · C. biflora · C. blumii · C. boehmiana · C. boissieriana · C. bracteolata · C. bracteosa · C. bravoa · C. bulbosa · C. caerulea · C. caespitosa · C. cajannensis · C. cameroonensis · C. canescens · C. cantonensis · C. capitata · C. cardiocephala · C. caripensis · C. caroliniana (Carolina Dayflower) · C. carsonii · C. cavaleriei · C. cayennensis · C. cecilae · C. chamissonis · C. chinensis · C. ciliata · C. claessensii · C. clandestina · C. clarkeana · C. clavata · C. coelestis (Blue Spider Wort) · C. coelestis 'Sleeping Beauty' · C. coelestis f. albipetala · C. coelestis var. bourgeaui · C. coelestris · C. communis (Asiatic Dayflower) · C. communis 'Aureostriata' · C. communis exserta · C. communis f. alba · C. communis f. aureostriata · C. communis f. ciliata · C. communis L. var. communis L. · C. communis L. var. ludens (Miq.) C.B.Clarke · C. communis var. communis · C. communis var. exserta · C. communis var. ludens · C. condensata · C. congesta · C. conspicua · C. corbisieri · C. coreana · C. corradii
Bibliography
- Hong Deyuan. 1997. Commelinaceae. In: Wu Kuo-fang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(3) : 69--133.
- Brashier, C. K. 1966. A revision of Commelina (Plum.) L. in the U.S.A. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93: 1--19.
- Faden, R. B. 1993b. The misconstrued and rare species of Commelina (Commelinaceae) in the eastern United States. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 208--218.
- Pennell, F. W. 1916. Notes on plants of the southern United StatesâI. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 96--111.
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Notes
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 9382955
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15930361
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:979336-1
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 3348350
