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• Physical Description
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Taxonomy

Physical Description

Family Campanulaceae:

The Campanulaceae are herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees comprising about 70 genera and 2,000 species usually with milky sap. The leaves are nearly always alternate and simple; stipules are absent The flowers are bisexual, and actinomorphic in the subfamily Campanuloideae but zygomorphic in the Lobelioideae. The perianth and androecium are usually 5-merous, sometimes 3-10-merous. The calyx and corolla each consist of connate segments. The stamens equal the number of corolla lobes, alternate with them, and are adnate to the extreme base of the corolla or epigynous zone or more commonly arise from the annular epigynous nectary disk; the filaments are distinct and the anthers are introrse and only weakly connivent around the style in the Campanuloideae but in the lobelioideae the introrse anthers and also often the filaments are firmly connate. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of usually 2 carpels and locules with numerous axile ovules in the subfamily Lobelioideae but usually consists of 3-5 carpels and locules with numerous axile ovules in the subfamily Campanuloideae. The single style commonly has a number of lobes or stigmas equal to the number of carpels. The ovary is nearly always inferior and is generally crowned with an epigynous annular nectary disk. The fruit is usually a capsule or berry. -- Gerald Carr.

Genus Campanula:

Plants perennial or annual, erect trailing or decumbent, glabrous, pubescent, or hirsute. Leaves simple, alternate or forming rosettes at the base. Inflorescence 1-many flowered, with racemes or spikes. Flowers blue to purple or white. Sepals 5, with or without reflexed appendages between lobes; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, segments 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, funnel-shaped or tubular. Stamens 5, free, filaments dilated at the base. Ovary 3-locular; style cylindrical; stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule, elongated to ovoid, obovoid or round, with membran¬ous walls; dehiscence by irregular pores at the bases or the sides. Seeds minute, numerous.

A genus of over 300 species, mostly in the temperate regions. Represented in Pakistan by c.15 species.^[1]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Campanula:

There are approximately 2,268 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: C. affinis bolosii · C. aizoon aizoides · C. alliariifolia letschchumensis · C. baumgartenii bohemica · C. bellidifolia aucheri · C. bellidifolia meyeriana · C. cantabrica occidentalis · C. cervicaria transylvanica · C. cochlearifolia jaubertiana · C. collina sphaerocarpa · C. dasyantha chamissonis · C. filicaulis embergeri · C. glomerata cephalotes · C. glomerata daqingshanica · C. glomerata fatrae · C. glomerata krylovii · C. glomerata maleevii · C. glomerata oblongifolia · C. glomerata panjutinii · C. grandis rizeensis · C. jacquinii rumeliana · C. lehmanniana pseudohissarica · C. lusitanica matritensis · C. lyrata icarica · C. mollis winkleri · C. pamphylica tokurii · C. patula alekovyi · C. patula costae · C. patula flaccida · C. patula peterfii · C. persicifolia sessiliflora · C. rapunculoides cordifolia · C. rapunculus verruculosa · C. rotundifolia groenlandica · C. rotundifolia heterodoxa · C. rotundifolia intercedens · C. rotundifolia montana · C. rumeliana chalcidica · C. saxifraga meyerana · C. scheuchzeri ficarioides · C. scheuchzeri pollinensis · C. sibirica caucasica · C. sibirica charkeviczii · C. sibirica daghestanica · C. sibirica divergens · C. sibirica hohenackeri · C. stevenii alberti · C. stevenii altaica · C. tatrae sudetica · C. mayi · C. 'Abundance' · C. 'Arend's Form' · C. 'Avalon' · C. 'Azure Beauty' · C. 'Balchiniana' · C. 'Barbara Valentine' · C. 'Bencamp 46' · C. 'Bencamp 72' · C. 'Birch Farm Hybrid' · C. 'Birch Hybrid' (Bellflower) · C. 'Blue Ball' · C. 'Blue Mist' · C. 'Blue Wonder' (Bellflower) · C. 'Bumblebee' · C. 'Burghaltii' (Bellflower) · C. 'Bussage Blue' · C. 'Cantata' · C. 'Champion Blue' · C. 'Champion Pink' · C. 'Constellation' (Bellflower) · C. 'Covadonga' · C. 'Craven Bells' · C. 'Crystal' · C. 'Donald Thurston' · C. 'Dwarf Tornado' (Bellflower) · C. 'E.K. Toogood' · C. 'Edward Forrest' · C. 'Elizabeth' · C. 'Faichem Lilac' · C. 'Fergusonii' · C. 'Flashing Lights' · C. 'G.F. Wilson' · C. 'Gaven' · C. 'Get Me' (Bellflower) · C. 'Glandore' · C. 'Gremlin' · C. 'Hallii' · C. 'Hannah' · C. 'Hemswell Starlight' · C. 'Hilltop Snow' · C. 'Hillview Hose in Hose' · C. 'Iceberg' · C. 'Joe Elliot' (Alpine Bellflower) · C. 'Joe Elliott' · C. 'John Innes' · C. 'Kent Belle' (Bellflower) · C. 'Kifu' · C. 'Kronprinsessens Klokkeblomst' · C. 'Lynchmere' · C. 'Maie Blyth'

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Notes

Identifiers:

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15928777
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:875478-1
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 3302792

Footnotes:

1. E. Nasir "Campanula". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.