Zea mays

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Zea

Annual . Culms robust , often tall with stilt roots , solid. Leaf blades large, broadly linear ; ligule membranous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary , spikelets unisexual , separated into male and female inflorescences, not disarticulating at maturity, spikelets of a pair alike. Female inflorescence axillary, enclosed in enveloping foliaceous sheaths ; spikelets all sessile in many longitudinal rows , partially sunk in the thickened, almost woody axis, glumes and lemmas chaffy , awnless, lower floret sterile ; styles single, very long, silky , pendulous from inflorescence apex. Male inflorescence terminal, of many digitate or paniculate racemes ; one spikelet of a pair subsessile , the other on a slender pedicel, papery , awnless, both florets staminate . Mature caryopses plump, much larger than spikelet scales, very variable in shape and color. x = 5.

Five species: four wild species in Central America; one species cultivated in all warm parts of the world, including China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,271 meters (0 to 17,293 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Growth

Culture: Space 18-24" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:971. 1753

Name verified on 15-Jul-1987 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 14-Jan-2006

Similar Species

Members of the genus Zea

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1077 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

Z. alba · Z. altissima · Z. americana · Z. amylacea · Z. amylea-saccharata · Z. canina · Z. caragua · Z. cryptosperma · Z. curagua · Z. diploperennis (Diploid Perennial Teosint) · Z. erythrolepis · Z. everta · Z. gigantea · Z. glumacea · Z. gracillima · Z. hirta · Z. hybrid · Z. indentata · Z. indurata · Z. japonica · Z. japonica 'Amero' · Z. luxurians (Southern Guatemalan Teosinte) · Z. macrosperma · Z. mais · Z. mais hirta · Z. maiz · Z. mays (Cultivated Maize) · Z. mays '128yh' (Popcorn) · Z. mays 'Achat' · Z. mays 'Adelfia' · Z. mays 'Agneta' · Z. mays 'Alabama Coschatta' (Flint Corn) · Z. mays 'Aladdin' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Alamo Navajo Blue' · Z. mays 'Albert Arens' Synthetic' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Alborea' · Z. mays 'Alenka' · Z. mays 'Alessandra' · Z. mays 'Alhambra' · Z. mays 'Alicia' · Z. mays 'Alienta' · Z. mays 'All Purpose' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Alvina' · Z. mays 'American Pride' (Ornamental) · Z. mays 'American Way' (Ornamental) · Z. mays 'Amida' · Z. mays 'Amish' (Flint Corn) · Z. mays 'Anasazi' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Anasazi Flour' (Flour Corn) · Z. mays 'Anasta' · Z. mays 'Andrew Wilson' (Popcorn) · Z. mays 'Anouka' · Z. mays 'Antonella' · Z. mays 'Apache' (Flour Corn) · Z. mays 'Aprilia' · Z. mays 'Argent' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Arikara White' (Flour Corn) · Z. mays 'Arkansas Red and White' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Art Verrell's White' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Ashworth' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Aunt Mary's' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Aura' · Z. mays 'Aureliana' · Z. mays 'Autumn Explosion' (Ornamental) · Z. mays 'Aztec Black' · Z. mays 'Baby Blue' (Popcorn) · Z. mays 'Baby Fingers' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Baby Golden' (Popcorn) · Z. mays 'Baccara' · Z. mays 'Balka' · Z. mays 'Balsamo' · Z. mays 'Bankut' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Bantam Evergreen' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Baxxao' · Z. mays 'Bear Island Chippewa' (Flint Corn) · Z. mays 'Bear Paw' (Popcorn) · Z. mays 'Beasley's Orange' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Belonia' · Z. mays 'Beltana' · Z. mays 'Bemol' · Z. mays 'Benicia' · Z. mays 'Bexxin' · Z. mays 'Bi-Queen' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Big Chief' (Ornamental) · Z. mays 'Big Daddy's Yellow' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Big Mountain Blue' (Flour Corn) · Z. mays 'Big Red' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Bilicious' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Birko' · Z. mays 'Bisca' · Z. mays 'Black' (Popcorn) · Z. mays 'Black Aztec' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Black Mexican' (Sweet Corn) · Z. mays 'Blitz' · Z. mays 'Bloody Butcher' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Bloody Butcher Calico' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Bloody Butcher Northern' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Bloody Butcher Yellow' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Bloody Mary' (Dent Corn) · Z. mays 'Blood Brothers' (Flour Corn)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 21, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 34 providers.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)
• "Zea mays". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 650. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

• Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland, Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
• Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands, CGN-PGR
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), EURISCO
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3875305
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-42269
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14629980
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:426810-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 42207
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 42269
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ZEMAP
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 69009

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Zea". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 571, 650. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 623.670 meters (2,046.161 feet), Standard Deviation = 867.710 based on 1,258 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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