Yucca filamentosa

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Perennial .

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Agavaceae

Plants usually perennial , occasionally epiphytic, sometimes monocarpic or polycarpic, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamodioecious, small to gigantic, sometimes arborescent , usually scapose . Stems subterranean or aboveground, sometimes branched. Leaves simple , annual or long-lived, in terminal rosettes or occasionally cauline, sessile or occasionally pseudo-petiolate; blade linear , lanceolate, oblanceolate , ovate , or elliptic , fibrous , thin and flexible , thick and rigid or succulent, or fibrous, often glaucous, margins entire, serrulate , dentate , denticulate , corneous , or filiferous , apex rigid or flexible, sometimes pungent , often with short or long spine. Inflorescences terminal or axillary spikes, racemose or paniculate , sometimes umbellate , bracteate , often huge; bracts ascending or erect , occasionally reflexed , leaflike proximally, scalelike distally. Flowers 6-merous, bisexual or functionally unisexual ; perianth of 2 similar petallike whorls, semisucculent; tepals distinct or connate into tube , apex glandular or glandular-pubescent ; stamens included or exserted; filaments often broadened and succulent, glabrous , pubescent , or papillose ; anthers versatile, dehiscence longitudinal ; ovary superior or inferior, 3-locular or occasionally 1-locular, 3-angled, ovoid , or cylindrical, with axillary or rarely parietal placentation ; style included or exserted; stigmas 1 or 3, 3-lobed or capitate; pedicel usually distinct, articulate or not, rarely absent. Fruits occasionally baccate , usually capsular and sometimes winged or lobed , or indehiscent and dry or fleshy . Seeds 1��3(��many) per locule, flattened, 3-angled, hemispheric , ovoid, obovoid , or globose .

Genera 17 or 18, species ca. 550 (9 genera, 84 species in the flora ; 2 genera, 6 species introduced) : worldwide, primarily arid , semitropical, subtropical , and tropical regions .

There is little agreement on the treatment of Agavaceae. The group containing Agave, Yucca, Furcraea, Hesperaloe, and Manfreda generally has been accepted as the core of Agavaceae, or as subfamilies Agavoideae and Yuccoideae, but treatment of Dracaena, Sansevieria, Cordyline, Nolina, and Dasylirion has been varied. A. L. Takhtajan (1987) and R. F. Thorne (1992b) placed these genera in Dracaenaceae but treated them at different levels. Takhtajan located them in the subfamily Dracaenoideae within sections Nolineae (Nolina and Dasylirion), Sansevierieae (Sansevieria), and Dracaeneae (Cordyline and Dracaena) . Thorne, on the other hand, placed these same groupings at the subfamily level. R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. (1985) recognized them as separate families, Nolinaceae (Nolina and Dasylirion), Dracaenaceae (Sansevieria and Dracaena), and Asteliaceae (Cordyline), in addition to the Agavaceae (Yucca, Hesperaloe, Agave, Manfreda, and Furcraea) .

A. Cronquist (1981) based his broadly circumscribed Agavaceae on a common xerophytic habit. However, the karyotype of 5 long and 25 short chromosomes for the Agavoideae and Yuccoideae is distinct from the karyotypes of the other subfamilies that Cronquist included in the Agavaceae. Current research on the phylogenetics of moncotyledons, using DNA sequences of rbcL , support the separation of Dracaena, Nolina, and Dasylirion from Agavaceae (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b) . We believe that a broad interpretation of the Agavaceae unites groups that should be recognized as separate.

Many genera in Agavaceae are economically important. All genera in the Agavoideae and Yuccoideae contain steroidal sapogenins ; some have been used in folk medicine, and locally and commercially as soap (G. Blunden et al. 1978; S. E. Verhoek 1978; M. Wall et al. 1957) . They provide fibers for cordage, baskets, and hats, as well as food and drink for many indigenous peoples of the southwestern United States (H. S. Gentry 1982) . They are also used as commercial fiber and beverage crops in Latin America and the Old World (H. Brucher 1989) . In the southern United States, some species in each genus are cultivated and represented in the flora, and at least one species of Yucca is now grown as far north as Canada. Collectors should record the uses of these plants in their notes along with the critical information on plant habit and morphology. Photographs are often important tools for the identification of these plants, and, with the advent of digital cameras , are now much easier to obtain and process .[1]

Genus Yucca

Plants perennial , acaulescent or caulescent , sometimes subscapose , sometimes arborescent , usually branching extensively, from woody, subterranean or aboveground caudices, or single stems. Leaves sessile, in rosettes on caudices or at branch ends; blade linear-lanceolate, expanded basally, usually rigid , occasionally fleshy , margins entire or denticulate , often filiferous and separating into elongated fibers, corneous , apex mostly sharp-pointed. Scape, when present, usually less than 2.5 cm diam. Inflorescences erect or rarely pendent, paniculate or racemose, sometimes paniculate proximally and racemose distally, bracteate , occasionally pubescent ; bracts ascending , erect, or rarely reflexed ; peduncle sometimes scapelike, sometimes extending beyond leaves, sometimes pubescent. Flowers bisexual ; perianth campanulate or globose ; tepals 6, similar, fleshy, distinct to or connate at base , whitish to cream or tinged slightly with green or purple, occasionally pubescent; stamens 6; filaments flattened, as wide as anthers , smooth , papillose , or granular , fleshy; pistil obovoid or oblong-cylindrical; ovary superior, usually green, 3-locular or 6-locular with false septa, 6-lobed; style white to dark green, often thick; stigmas usually 3, sometimes 1 and subcapitate , white to pale green, 1-2 mm. Fruits erect or pendent, capsular or baccate . Seeds many per locule, usually black, occasionally gray, flattened, round, rarely obovate or ovate . x = 25, 30.

Species ca. 35-40: e coastal plain , se, sc, w United States, n, c, w Mexico, n Central America.

W. Trelease (1902) recognized Hesperoyucca, Clistoyucca, and Samuela as segregates from, but closely related to, Yucca. S. D. McKelvey (19381947) returned them to Yucca, recognizing sections Hesperoyucca and Clistoyucca, and placing Samuela in section Sarcocarpa. However, McKelvey indicated that there is ample justification for recognizing Hesperoyucca at genus level, since a number of flower and fruit characters differ from those in all other sections. Recent DNA evidence provides strong support for separate recognition of Hesperoyucca (M. A. Hanson 1993; D. J. Bogler 1994; D. J. Bogler and B . B. Simpson 1995, 1996; K . H. Clary 1997). Clarys data indicate that it is more closely related to Hesperaloe than to Yucca, and that Clistoyucca and Samuela should be retained in Yucca.

Yuccas are often cultivated in many places in the United States, particularly in the south. They are not easily identified, particularly in herbarium specimens, and collectors should be certain to record information about the habits and sizes of plants, and the colors of ovaries, styles, and stigmas. If possible, field photographs of the pistil and stamens should accompany the specimens.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Sandy soil[3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,802 meters (0 to 19,035 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 4-6' apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High • Water Requirements: Once established needs only occasional water.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 9 (>120 to 150 days) Low:3 (>7 to 14 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Yucca concava Haw.
2. Yucca filamentosa var. concava (Haw.) Baker
3. Yucca filamentosa var. smalliana (Fern.) Ahles
4. Yucca flaccida Haw.
5. Yucca recurvifolia Salisb.
6. Yucca smalliana Fern.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

An accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Name verified on 15-Feb-2007 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 15-Feb-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Yucca

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 343 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

Y. acaulis · Y. acrotricha · Y. acuminata · Y. acutifolia · Y. agavoides · Y. albo-spica · Y. aletriformis · Y. aloifolia (Spanish Bayonet) · Y. aloifolia f. marginata · Y. aloifolia 'Marginata' · Y. aloifolia L. 'Marginata' (Variegated Spanish Bayonet) · Y. aloifolia 'Purpurea' · Y. aloifolia 'Spanish Bayonet' · Y. aloifolia 'Tricolor' · Y. aloifolia var. arcuata · Y. aloifolia var. draconis · Y. aloifolia var. yucatana · Y. aloifolia 'Variegata' · Y. aloifolia var. mediopicta · Y. gloriosa var. recurvifolia · Y. angustifolia var. elata · Y. angustifolia var. mollis · Y. angustifolia var. radiosa · Y. angustissima (Narrow-Leaved Yucca) · Y. angustissima Engelm. ex Trel. var. angustissima · Y. angustissima avia · Y. angustissima var. angustissima (Narrowleaf Yucca) · Y. angustissima var. avia · Y. angustissima var. kanabensis (Kanab Yucca) · Y. angustissima var. toftiae (Toft's Yucca) · Y. antwerpensis · Y. arborescens · Y. arcuata · Y. argospatha · Y. argyrophylla · Y. arizonica · Y. arkansana (Arkansas Yucca) · Y. armata · Y. aspera · Y. atkinsi · Y. australis · Y. australis var. valida · Y. baccata (Fleshy-Fruited Yucca) · Y. baccata Torr. var. baccata Torr. · Y. baccata macrocarpa · Y. baccata var. australis · Y. baccata var. baccata (Banana Yucca) · Y. baccata var. brevifolia (Spanish Dagger) · Y. baccata var. vespertina (Banana Yucca) · Y. baccata vespertina · Y. baileyi (Navajo Yucca) · Y. baileyi Wooton & Standl. var. baileyi · Y. baileyi var. navajoa (J.M.Webber) J.M.Webber · Y. baileyi var. baileyi (Bailey's Yucca) · Y. baileyi var. intermedia (Intermediate Yucca) · Y. baileyi var. navajoa (Navajo Yucca) · Y. barrancasecca · Y. boerhaavii · Y. boscii · Y. brevifolia (Joshua Tree) · Y. brevifolia f. herbertii (Joshua Tree) · Y. brevifolia herbertii (Joshua Tree) · Y. brevifolia jaegeriana · Y. brevifolia jaegeriana var. jaegeriana (Jaeger's Joshua Tree) · Y. brevifolia var. brevifolia (Joshua Tree) · Y. brevifolia var. jaegeriana (Jaeger's Joshua Tree) · Y. 'Bright Star' · Y. californica · Y. campestris (Plains Yucca) · Y. canaliculata · Y. capensis · Y. carnerosana (Giant Spanish Dagger) · Y. cernua (Nodding Yucca) · Y. circinata · Y. coahuilensis · Y. concava · Y. conspicua · Y. constricta (Buckley's Yucca) · Y. contorta · Y. cornuta · Y. crassifila · Y. crenulata · Y. crinifera · Y. de-smetiana · Y. decipiens (Palma China) · Y. declinata · Y. desmetiana (Yucca) · Y. draco · Y. draconis · Y. draconis var. arborescens · Y. ehrenbergii · Y. elata (Soap-Tree Yucca) · Y. elata utahensis (Utah Yucca) · Y. elata var. elata (Soaptree Yucca) · Y. elata var. utahensis (Utah Yucca) · Y. elata var. verdiensis (Soaptree Yucca) · Y. elata Engelm. var. verdiensis (McKelvey) Reveal (Soaptree Yucca) · Y. eleana · Y. elegans · Y. elephantipes

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A catalogue of the flowering plants and higher cryptogams, both native and introduced, found within about thirty miles of Hanover, N. H., including a few cultivated species, to which is appended a list of vertebrate animals of the same region. By Henry Je [Hanover?]Printed for the Author, 1891. ENG url p. 46.
• A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, by J. C. Willis. CambridgeThe University Press, 1919 ENG url p. 695.
• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Ho New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1913. ENG url p. 513.
• An introduction to entomology, by John Henry Comstock. Ithaca, New York, The Comstock publishing co., inc., 1933. ENG url p. 599, p. 600.
• An introduction to entomology. Ithaca, N.Y., Comstock, 1949. ENG url p. 599, p. 600.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 17, p. 283, p. 651, p. 717.
• Annali di storia naturale. Bologna. url p. 437.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 546.
• Annual report / Entomological Society of Ontario. Toronto, The Society. ENG url p. 76.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 174, p. 174, p. 214, p. 330.
• Atti / Istituto botanico della Universit [e] Laboratorio crittogamico, Pavia. Pavia [etc.]: Tip. Fusi [etc.] ITA url p. 117.
• Biochemie der Pflanzen / von Friedrich Czapek. Jena: G. Fischer, 1922-25. GER url p. 481.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 482, p. 712, p. 713.
• Botanisches Zentralblatt; referierendes Organ f�r das Gesamtgebiet der Botanik. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 126, p. 130, p. 131, p. 258, p. 268, p. 29, p. 325, p. 343, p. 36, p. 46, p. 61, p. 63, p. 676, p. 922.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 109, p. 116, p. 127, p. 5, p. 51.
• Bulletin de gographie botanique. Le Mans: Au sige de la Socit, 1911-1919. FRE url p. 156.
• Bulletin de la Fdration des socits d'horticulture de Belgique. Bruxelles [etc.]1861-1888. FRE url p. 104.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� royale de botanique de Belgique. [Bruxelles]: La Soci�t�, [1866]-1989. FRE url p. 135.
• Bulletin de la Soci�t� zoologique de France. Paris: La Soci�t�, FRE url p. 132.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 30 1903 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 294, p. 327, p. 328.
• Bullettino. Florence. ITA url p. 276.
• Catalog of Ohio vascular plants: arranged according to the phyletic classification: with notes on the geographical distribution in the state, based mainly on specimens in the State Herbarium, Botanical Laboratory, the Ohio State Uni by John H. Schaffner Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. ENG url p. 156.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 813.
• Chester, E. W. et al. 1993 –. Atlas of Tennessee vascular plants. (Atlas Tenn)
• Die Gartenkunst. Wrzburg [etc.]Selbstverlag der Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Gartenkunst [etc.]. GER url p. 111, p. 35.
• Die Gartenwelt. Berlin: G. Schmidt, [1897- GER url p. 17, p. 348, p. 367, p. 401, p. 452, p. 459, p. 483, p. 484, p. 486, p. 509, p. 510, p. 583, p. 7, p. 9, p. 90.
• Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 1017, p. 410, p. 71.
• Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz Leipzig: E. Kummer, 1884-1966. GER url p. 566.
• Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. (CRC MedHerbs ed2)
• Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. url p. 386.
• Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage. (Zander ed13)
• Entomologica Americana. [Lawrence, Kan., etc.]New York Entomological Society [etc.] ENG url p. 108.
• Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] ENG url p. 293.
• Erythea. a journal of botany, West American and general. Berkeley, Calif., University of California, 1893-1922. ENG url p. 138, p. 40.
• Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. ENG url p. 855.
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993 –. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. ENG url p. 84.
• Flora of Guatemala / Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark. Chicago: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1952. ENG url p. 132.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 316.
• Flora of Lancaster County; being descriptions of the seed- plants growing naturally in Lancaster County, Pennsylvanial. By John Kunkel Small and Joel Jackson Carter. New York, 1913. ENG url p. 78.
• Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by L. L. Dame and F. S. Collins. Malden, Middlesex Institute, 1888. ENG url p. 109.
• Flora of New Bedford and the shores of Buzzards Bay, with a procession of the flowers. New Bedford [Mass.]E. Anthony, 1911. ENG url p. 67.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 84.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 110, p. 110, p. 114, p. 114, p. 259, p. 259.
• Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio /c by A.P. Morgan. Dayton, Ohio: Literary Union, 1878. ENG url p. 47.
• Flora of the southern United States: containing abridged descriptions of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida: arranged according to the natural system. The ferns by Daniel C. Ea New York, Ivison, Phinney, 1865. ENG url p. 485.
• Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 678.
• Florida wild flowers; an introduction to the flora of the Florida peninsula, by Mary Francis Baker, photographs by the author. New York, The Macmillan company, 1926. ENG url p. 44.
• Gardeners' chronicle of America. New York: Chronicle Press, 1905-1950. ENG url p. 235.
• Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. ENG url p. 211, p. 212, p. 339, p. 341, p. 346, p. 362.
• Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 13, p. 13, p. 282.
• General index and supplement to the nine reports on the insects of Missouri / by Charles V. Riley. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1881. ENG url p. 34.
• Gesammelte Abhandlungen �ber Pflanzen-Physiologie, von Julius Sachs. Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1892-93. GER url p. 1188, p. 1188, p. 1189, p. 1189, p. 1191, p. 1191.
• Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. (Glea Cron ed2)
• Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung. Hamburg: R. Kittler, 1852-1890. GER url p. 218, p. 532.
• Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and New Castle County, Delaware, with keys for identification co Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. ENG url p. 102.
• Handw�rterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 828.
• Hesdrffers Monatshefte fr Blumen und Gartenfreunde. Berlin: R. Oppenheim (G. Schmidt), [1896-1897] GER url p. 65, p. 66.
• Heteroptera, or true bugs of eastern North America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida, by W.S. Blatchley Indianapolis, The Nature publishing company, 1926. ENG url p. 224, p. 867.
• Hochstätter, F. and G. Hentzschel. 2002. Yucca II (Agavaceae): (indehiscent-fruited species) in the Southwest, Midwest and East of the USA. (Yucca II) 274 –278.
• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- ENG url p. 104, p. 390, p. 452, p. 484, p. 505, p. 510, p. 520, p. 574, p. 64, p. 660, p. 661, p. 793, p. 837.
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Illustrierte Garten-Zeitung. Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart. GER url p. 15, p. 16, p. 186.
• Insects. By David Sharp. London, Macmillan, 1895-99. ENG url p. 432.
• Insecutor inscitiae menstruus. Washington, D.C.: [Harrison G. Dyar], 1913-1926. ENG url p. 64.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London: Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1902-1919. ENG url p. 825.
• Jahrb�cher des Nassauischen Vereins f�r Naturkunde. Wiesbaden: J.F. Bergmann, GER url p. 25.
• Jahrb�cher f�r wissenschaftliche Botanik. Berlin:G. Borntraeger, 1858-1944. GER url p. 536.
• Jahresbericht der K�nigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften �ber die Fortschritte der Botanik Breslau:Konigl. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1838-1847. GER url p. 59.
• Jahresbericht �ber die Fortschritte auf dem Gesamtgebiete der Agrikultur-Chemie. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1866-1919. GER url p. 131.
• Journal d'agriculture pratique. Paris: Dusacq, Librairie agricole de la Maison rustique, [1853-1936] FRE url p. 372.
• Journal de l'agriculture. Paris: Ch. Delagrave, FRE url p. 140.
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]:Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.], 1884-2001. ENG url p. 158.
• Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellog, E.A. and Donoghue, M.J. (2002): Plant Systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller l�nder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 121, p. 1212, p. 1327, p. 142, p. 162, p. 187, p. 196, p. 198, p. 204, p. 285, p. 347, p. 353, p. 372, p. 381, p. 384, p. 433, p. 449, p. 487, p. 541, p. 544, p. 545, p. 584, p. 68, p. 759, p. 831, p. 90, p. 902, p. 907.
• Kinships of animals and man; a textbook of animal biology. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1955. ENG url p. 96.
• L'Agriculture pratique des pays chauds. Paris: Augustin Challamel, [1901-1932] FRE url p. 66.
• L'Ann�e biologique. Paris, Masson. FRE url p. 59.
• L'Illustration horticole; journal international populaire de l'horticulture dans toutes ses branches. Ghent; FRE url p. 33.
• La Cellule. Lierre, Belgium [etc.]Van In [etc.] FRE url p. 409.
• La Feuille des jeunes naturalistes. Paris: A. Dollfus, 1870-1914. FRE url p. 33.
• Le Jardin. Paris: Librairie horticole du Jardin, 1887-1921. FRE url p. 91.
• Le Naturaliste canadien. Neufch�tel, QC: �ditions, l'Ardoise [etc.] FRE url p. 236, p. 305.
• Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third. (Hortus 3)
• Manual of vascular plants of the lower Yangtze Valley, China. Corvallis, Oregon State College[1958] ENG url p. 509, p. 621.
• Mikrochemie der Pflanze. Jena, G. Fischer, 1921. GER url p. 136.
• Natural science. London: Macmillan & Co., [1892-1899] ENG url p. 205, p. 321, p. 323.
• Natural science: a monthly review of scientific progress. London [etc.], Macmillan and Company [etc.]. ENG url p. 205, p. 321, p. 323.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau: w�chentliche Berichte �ber die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwissenschaften. Braunschweig: Druck und verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1886- GER url p. 23, p. 359.
• Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Jena [etc.]G. Fischer [etc.] GER url p. 301, p. 720, p. 800.
• Nederlandsch kruidkundig archief. Leyden: S. en J. Luchtmans, 1846-1951. DUT url p. 55.
• Nuova flora analitica d'Italia, contenente la descrizione delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite e largamente coltivate in Italia, del dott. Adriano Fiori. Firenze, Tipografia di M. Ricci, 1923-29. ITA url p. 279.
• Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) by Robert Greenleaf Leavitt prepared at the request of the Botanical Department of Harvard University. New York, American Book Co.[1901] ENG url p. 524.
• Parte pr�ctica de bot�nica del caballero C�rlos Linneo, que comprehende las clases, �rdenes, g�neros, especies y variedades de las plantas, con sus caracteres gen�ricos y especificos, sin�nimos mas selectos, nombres triviales, lugares donde nacen, y propr Madrid, En la Imprenta Real, 1784-88. SPA url p. 170.
• Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. ENG url p. 441.
• Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. ENG url p. 131, p. 133.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 275, p. 53, p. 54, p. 95.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. [Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 151.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 1058.
• Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. (F Carolin)
• Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs. (Rehder)
• Reise durch einige der mittlern und sdlichen Vereinigten Nordamerikanischen Staaten, nach Ost-Florida und den Bahama Inseln unternommen in den jahren 1783 und 1784, von Johann David Schpf Cincinnati, J.U. & C.G. Lloyd, 1911. ENG url p. 21.
• Reports of the Director / Experimental Farms. Ottawa: Experimental Farms, 1888-1916. ENG url p. 194, p. 307.
• Seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1903-1913. ENG url p. 70.
• Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien: K.-K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Kommission bei A. H�lder, GER url p. 599.
• Strausbaugh, T. D. and E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, ed. 2. (F WVa) [cult. and natzd.].
• Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Digessit P. A. Saccardo. Patavii, sumptibus auctoris, 1882-1931. LAT url p. 1333, p. 1334.
• Synopsis mycologiae Venetae secundum matrices, digesserunt J. Cuboni et V. Mancini. Patavii, Typis Seminarii, 1886. LAT url p. 273.
• Textbook of theoretical botany, by R. C. McLean and W. R. Ivimey-Cook. London, Longmans, Green[1951- ENG url p. 2042.
• The Cambridge natural history, ed. by S.F. Harmer and A.E. Shipley [London, The Macmillan, Company, 1895-1909] ENG url p. 432.
• The Canadian entomologist. Ottawa [etc.]Entomological Society of Canada [etc.] ENG url p. 128, p. 187, p. 30.
• The Canadian naturalist and geologist. Montreal, Dawson. ENG url p. 7.
• The Entomological magazine. [London: Frederick Westley and A.H. Davis, 1833-1838] ENG url p. 293, p. 406.
• The Floral world and garden guide. London, Groombridge and Sons, 1858-1880. ENG url p. 203, p. 230, p. 26, p. 281, p. 346.
• The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. ENG url p. 119, p. 129, p. 13, p. 13, p. 165, p. 183, p. 214, p. 245, p. 249, p. 261, p. 286, p. 308, p. 323, p. 373.
• The Horticulturist and journal of rural art and rural taste. Albany, N.Y.: Luther Tucker, 1846-1875. ENG url p. 103, p. 204, p. 205, p. 229, p. 536.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. ENG url p. 157, p. 164, p. 179, p. 258, p. 281, p. 311, p. 399, p. 399, p. 399, p. 406, p. 57, p. 65.
• The North American Pyrenomycetes. A contribution to mycologic botany, by J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart. With original illustrations by F. W. Anderson. Newfield, N. J., Ellis & Everhart, 1892. ENG url p. 738, p. 756.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 111, p. 294, p. 364, p. 481.
• The Popular science monthly. [New York, Popular Science Pub. Co., etc.] ENG url p. 177, p. 178, p. 801.
• The biology of flowering plants, by Macgregor Skene New York, The Macmillan Company, 1924. ENG url p. 515.
• The flora of the metamorphic region of Alabama / by F.S. Earle. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1902. ENG url p. 65.
• The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] ENG url p. 284.
• The journal of the Horticultural Society of London. London, [England]: Published for the Society, by Longman and Co., 1846-1855. ENG url p. 248.
• The living flora of West Virginia, by C.F. Millspaugh. The fossil flora of West Virginia, by David White. [Charleston?1913] ENG url p. 57.
• The physiology of plants; a treatise upon the metabolism and sources of energy in plants, by Dr. W. Pfeffer 2d fully rev. ed., translated and edited by Alfred J. Ewart. Oxford, Clarendon press, 1900-06. ENG url p. 320.
• The tropical agriculturist. Colombo, Ceylon: A.M. & J. Ferguson, 1882- ENG url p. 123.
• The weekly florists' review. Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co., 1897-1912. ENG url p. 122, p. 163, p. 264, p. 616, p. 639, p. 648, p. 680, p. 71, p. 712, p. 743.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. [St. Louis, Academy of Science of St. Louis] ENG url p. 213, p. 51, p. 570.
• Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society for Chicago: The Society, ENG url p. 337.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- ENG url p. 118.
• Transactions of the annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. ENG url p. 63.
• Tulane studies in zoology. New Orleans, Tulane University. ENG url p. 103.
• Wochenschrift des Vereines zur Befrderung des Gartenbaues in den Kniglich Preussischen Staaten fr Grtnerei und Pflanzenkunde. Berlin, Wiegandt & Hempel [etc.] GER url p. 262, p. 28, p. 44.
• Wunderlin, R. P. 1982. Guide to the vascular plants of central Florida. (F CFla)
• Wunderlin, R. and B. Hansen. Atlas of Florida vascular plants - on-line version. (Atlas Florida)
• Zeitschrift fr wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und fr mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 252.
• Zeitschrift f�r wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie und mikroskopische Technik. Stuttgart [etc.]S. Hirzel [etc.] GER url p. 252.
• Zhong Guo and Hua Jing. 1993. China floral encyclopaedia. (China FlEncy)
• Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 87.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, van Hertum J, eds (2008). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist Taxonomic Classification. CD-ROM; Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 5 providers.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
• "Yucca filamentosa". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 425, 433, 434. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 29, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2662740
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Kew-291765
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13754852
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:543691-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 42151
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 43140
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 543692-1
• MoBot NameID: 18401434
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: YUSM
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 68961

Footnotes

1. Susan Verhoek & William J. Hess "Agavaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 51, 303, 413, 414. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. William J. Hess & R. Laurie Robbins "Yucca". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 413, 414, 423, 424, 437, 440. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Yucca filamentosa". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 425, 433, 434. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 195.600 meters (641.732 feet), Standard Deviation = 448.940 based on 555 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.