Vaccaria hispanica

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• Bibliography
• More Info
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Caryophyllaceae

Herbs annual or perennial , rarely subshrubs or shrubs . Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate , simple , entire , usually connate at base ; stipules scarious , bristly , or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes , capitula, pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual , occasionally cleistogamous . Sepals (4 or) 5, free , imbricate, or connate into a tube , leaflike or scarious, persistent , sometimes bracteate below calyx. Petals (4 or) 5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2--) 5--10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2--5, united into a compound ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2--5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free, central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous , campylotropous. Styles (1 or) 2--5, sometimes united at base. Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous , scarious, or papery , dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 × as many as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform , ovoid , or rarely dorsiventrally compressed , abaxially grooved , blunt , or sharply pointed , rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular , striate or tuberculate , rarely smooth or spongy ; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but eccentric ; perisperm mealy.

Between 75 and 80 genera and ca. 2000 species: widespread but mainly of temperate or warm-temperate occurrence in the N hemisphere, with principal centers of distribution in the Mediterranean region and W Asia to W China and the Himalayas, fewer species in Africa S of the Sahara, America, and Oceania; 30 genera (two endemic) and 390 species (193 endemic) in China.

Arenaria, Silene, and Stellaria contain over half the species in the family in China. They are mostly concentrated in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau , and are especially rich from the Hengduan Mountains to the Himalayas. The main uses of this family are medicinal and ornamental . Dianthus superbus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata, and Vaccaria hispanica are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine . Some species of Arenaria, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Psammosilene, and Silene are used as medicinal herbs among the people or are habitually used in local Chinese medicine. Many species of Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene are grown as ornamentals. Atocion armeria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ( Silene armeria Linnaeus), native to Russia and Europe, is also cultivated in China. It differs from Silene in having a corymbose inflorescence and obscure calyx veins. Wu Cheng-yih, Ke Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Tang Chang-lin & Lu De-quan. 1996. Caryophyllaceae. In: Tang Chang-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 47–449.Dequan Lu, Zhengyi Wu, Lihua Zhou, Shilong Chen, Michael G. Gilbert, Magnus Lidén, John McNeill, John K. Morton, Bengt Oxelman, Richard K. Rabeler, Mats Thulin, Nicholas J. Turland & Warren L. Wagner "Caryophyllaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Genus Vaccaria

Herbs, annual . Taproots stout. Stems simple proximally, branched distally, terete . Leaves opposite, somewhat clasping or connate proximally into sheath , petiolate (basal) or sessile (cauline) ; blade 1-veined, lanceolate to oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, apex acute to obtuse . Inflorescences terminal , lax to erect , open, often flat-topped cymes; bracts paired , foliaceous ; involucel bracteoles absent. Pedicels erect. Flowers: sepals connate proximally into tube , 9-17 cm, tube whitish green, 5-veined, cylindric to ovoid , 5-angled or winged , especially in fruit, commissures between sepals absent; lobes green, 1-veined, obovate to broadly triangular, shorter than tube, margins green or reddish, scarious , apex acute or acuminate; petals 5, pink to purplish, clawed, auricles absent, coronal appendages absent, blade apex entire or sometimes briefly 2-fid; nectaries at filament bases ; stamens 10, adnate to petals; filaments distinct ; staminodes absent; ovary 1-locular or sometimes 2-locular proximally; styles 2(-3), filiform , 10-12 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2(-3), linear along adaxial surface of styles, papillate (30×). Capsules oblong to subglobose, exocarp opening by 4(-6) slightly spreading teeth, endocarp opening irregularly; carpophore present. Seeds ca. 10, black, subglobose, laterally compressed , papillose , marginal wing absent, appendage absent; embryo peripheral, curved . x = 15.

Species 1 or 4: introduced ; Eurasia ; introduced in South America, Africa (Republic of South Africa), Australia.John W. Thieret, Richard K. Rabeler "Vaccaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,848 meters (0 to 9,344 feet).Mean = 304.460 meters (998.885 feet), Standard Deviation = 411.290 based on 1,624 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Saponaria vaccaria L.
2. Vaccaria hispanica (P. Mill.) Rauschert
3. Vaccaria pyramidata Medik.
4. Vaccaria segetalis Garcke ex Aschers.
5. Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britt.
6. Vaccaria vulgaris Host

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication : Wiss. Z. Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 14:496. 1965

Name verified on 15-Jun-1993 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 22-May-1997

Similar Species

Members of the genus Vaccaria

There are approximately 29 species in this genus:

V. arvensis · V. brachycalyx · V. grandiflora · V. hispanica (Cow Herb) · V. hispanica 'Florist Rose' · V. hispanica 'Florist White' · V. hispanica 'Pink Beauty' · V. hispanica 'White Beauty' · V. hispanica liniflora · V. hispanica oxyodonta · V. hispanica pyramidata · V. hispanica subsp. grandiflora · V. hispanica subsp. liniflora · V. hispanica subsp. oxyodonta · V. hispanica subsp. pyramidata · V. hispanica vaccaria · V. hispanica var. grandiflora · V. hispanica var. liniflora · V. hispanica var. oxyodonta · V. hispanica var. vaccaria · V. inclusa · V. liniflora · V. oxyodonta · V. parviflora · V. perfoliata · V. pyramidalis · V. sessiliflora · V. sessilifolia · V. von (Soapwort)

Bibliography

• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993–. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Greuter, W. et al., eds. 1984–. Med-Checklist. (L Medit)
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Jalas, J. & J. Suominen. 1972–. Atlas florae europaeae. (Atlas Eur)
• Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR. (F USSR)
• McGuffin, M. et al., eds. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2. (Herbs Commerce ed2)
• Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan. (F Pak)
• Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica. (F Iran)
• Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1993. Flora europaea, second edition. (F Eur ed2)
• Wisskirchen, R. and Haeupler, H. (1998a): Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands, Stuttgart: Ulmer

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 30, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• MBLWHOI Library: Universal Biological Index and Organizer. uBio.org accessed July 17, 2008.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 30, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
• GBIF-Spain, Herbario Universidad de Málaga: MGC-Cormófitos
• GBIF-Spain, Hortus Botanicus Sollerensis Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Institut Botanic de Barcelona, BC
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Almería, HUAL
• Herbarium Hamburgense, Impetus - Herbarium Hamburgense
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2669699
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-505628
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13763008
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:941829-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 310852
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 505628
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: VAVU2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 61221

Footnotes

©2004-2008 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.