Ulmus americana

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Majestic, arching , deciduous tree has toothed , dark green foliage . Paper, pale green seeds in spring . Magnificent yellow fall color. Height to 100', width to 80'. Fast growth rate . Needs full sun . Use as specimen, and in borders .

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Ulmaceae

Trees or shrubs , evergreen or deciduous. Winter buds with scales , rarely naked; axillary buds developed; terminal bud usually dying back early. Stipules usually membranous, caducous . Leaves simple , alternate or rarely opposite, usually distichous, petiolate ; leaf blade pinnately veined, basally 3(or 5) -veined, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences axillary . Flowers monochlamydeous , bisexual , or rarely unisexual or polygamous. Perianth lobes 4-9, imbricate or rarely valvate , persistent or caducous. Stamens usually equal in number to and opposite perianth lobes, opposite, basally adnate to tepals; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally fissured . Pistil 2-carpellate; ovary superior, 1(or 2) -loculed; ovule 1, suspended, anatropous ; integuments 2. Style very short; stigmas 2, linear . Fruit samara, drupes, or winged nutlets , apically usually with persistent stigmas. Endosperm scanty or absent; embryo erect , curved , or involute ; cotyledons flat, curved, or flexed. Seedling epigeous.

About 16 genera and ca. 230 species: widespread in temperate and tropical areas; eight genera (one endemic) and 46 species (23 endemic) in China.

Recent research strongly suggests that the subfamily Celtidoideae (Aphananthe, Celtis, Gironniera, Pteroceltis, and Trema) is not the closest relative of the subfamily Ulmoideae (Hemiptelea, Ulmus, and Zelkova) . It would probably be more accurate to exclude Celtidoideae from Ulmaceae, and move it to Cannabaceae, rather than treating it as a separate family , Celtidaceae. More data are needed before a stable, new classification of the Urticales can be produced . Until these data are available, it is more practical to retain the traditional circumscription of Ulmaceae.

Most species of this family yield fine timber, the cortex is a good substitute for hemp , the fruit are edible, and the seed oil is used medicinally and industrially. Many species of Ulmaceae are cultivated, and it is not always certain whether specimens are from wild or cultivated plants .[1]

Genus Ulmus

Trees , less often shrubs , to 35 m ; crowns variable. Bark gray, brown, or olive to reddish, tan, or orange, deeply furrowed , sometimes with plates (smooth when young in Ulmus glabra ). Branches unarmed , slender to stout, some with corky wings ; twigs glabrous to pubescent . Leaves sometimes tardily deciduous; stipules falling early. Leaf blade ovate to obovate or elliptic , base usually oblique , sometimes cordate or rounded to cuneate, margins serrate to doubly serrate; venation pinnate. Inflorescences fascicles, racemes , or cymes, pedunculate or subsessile , subtended by 2 bracts. Flowers on branches of previous season , appearing in spring before leaves or in fall , bisexual , pedicellate or sessile; calyx 3-9-lobed; stamens 3-9; styles persistent , deeply 2-lobed. Fruits samaras, usually flattened, membranously winged . x = 14.

Species 20-40: temperate regions , Northern Hemisphere, most in Eurasia .

A recent chloroplast DNA study (S. J. Wiegrefe et al. 1994) has led to the proposal of a new subgeneric and sectional classification of elms. The chloroplast DNA data are supported by morphologic, chemical, and nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence and indicate that the "rock" or hard elms ( Ulmus serotina, U. thomasii, U. crassifolia, and U. alata ) are more closely related than indicated by previous subgeneric treatments (C. K . Schneider 1916; I. A. Grudzinskaya 1980).

Most identification manuals include the introduced species , Ulmus glabra, U. procera, and U. parvifolia, and indicate that they are frequently naturalized . That may well be true. Available herbarium specimens are often inadequately labeled or do not reflect current occurrences. Ease of naturalization can be neither corroborated nor disproved. I include the three species in this treatment because they are known to persist and sometimes naturalize locally where the species have been planted. Extensive field work and collection of U. glabra and U. procera are needed to document their naturalized distributions. Ulmus parvifolia has been widely planted in groves and hedgerows in the Midwest and might well be expected to have become naturalized in more rural settings (S. Shetler, pers. comm. , 1995).

Street and field elms throughout much of North America have been killed by Dutch elm disease . The pathogen responsible for the disease is Ceratocystis ulmi, a fungus native to Europe that was first discovered in North America in Colorado in the 1930s. Since the rapid spread of the disease in the 1960s, much research has been devoted to development of disease-resistant elms (R. J. Stipes and R. J. Campana 1981). Various hybridization projects, including cloning of disease-resistant elms by the American Research Institute, have been started across the country. Ulmus parvifolia and U. pumila have varying degrees of disease resistance and are utilized as shade trees or in breeding programs (see U. pumila below). Apparently Dutch elm disease also affects U. parviflora, U. glabra, and U. procera; certainly the latter two species are more common as seedlings than as trees.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: For beautiful habit. Street tree . Lawn tree. • Liabilities: Dutch Elm Disease has nearly wiped out species in North America. Wetwood. Cankers . Leaf curl . Leaf spot. Powdery mildew . Aphids. Elm leaf miner. Elm leaf beetle.

Habitat

Alluvial woods , swamp forests , deciduous woodlands, fencerows, pastures, old fields , waste areas; planted as street trees ; 0-1400 m. [source]

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,108 meters (0 to 10,197 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Easily transplanted. PH adaptable. Prefers moist, fertile soil. Prune in September to October. Soil salt tolerant .

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Ulmus americana var. floridana (Chapman) Little • Ulmus floridana Chapman

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 1: 226 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Ulmus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 75 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

U. alata (Winged Elm) · U. alata 'Lace Parasol' (Winged Elm) · U. americana (American Elm) · U. americana 'American Liberty' (American Elm) · U. americana 'Ascendens' (American Elm) · U. americana 'Delaware #2' (American Elm) · U. americana 'Jefferson' (American Elm) · U. americana 'New Harmony' (American Elm) · U. americana 'Pioneer' (Pioneer American Elm) · U. americana 'Princeton' (American Elm) · U. americana 'St Croix' (American Elm 'st. Croix') · U. americana 'Valley Forge' (Valley Forge American Elm) · U. carpinifolia 'Homestead' (Homestead Smoothleaf Elm) · U. crassifolia (Cedar Elm) · U. davidiana (Japanese Elm) · U. glabra (Scots Elm) · U. glabra 'Camperdownii' (Camperdown Elm) · U. laevis (European White Elm) · U. parviflora (Elm) · U. parviflora 'Frontier' (Frontier Elm) · U. parvifolia (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Allee' (Allee Lacebark Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Athena' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'A. Ross Central Park' (Central Park Splendor Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Bosque' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Brea' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Burgundy' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Catlin' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Central Park Splendor' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Chessins' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Cork Bark' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Corticosa' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Drake' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Dynasty' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'D.b. Cole' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Ed Wood' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Elsmo' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Emer II' (Allee® Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Emer I' (Athena® Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Frosty' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Geisha' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Glory' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Hallelujah' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Hokkaido' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Jade Empress' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'King's Choice' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Matthew' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Milliken' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Ohio' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Pathfinder' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Red Fall' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Seiju' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Sempervirens' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'State Fair' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'The Thinker' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'True Green' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Yatsubusa' (Chinese Elm) · U. parvifolia 'Zettler' (Chinese Elm) · U. procera (English Elm) · U. pumila (Chinese Elm) · U. pumila 'Beijing Gold' (Siberian Elm) · U. rubra (Red Elm) · U. serotina (September Elm) · U. thomasii (Cork Elm) · U. Vada = 'Wanoux' (Elm [vada]) · U. x hollandica (Dutch Elm) · U. x hollandica 'Jacqueline Hillier' (Dutch Elm) · U. 'Accolade' (Hybrid Elm) · U. 'Arno' (Elm 'arno') · U. 'Fiorente' (Elm 'fiorente') · U. 'Frontier' (Frontier Elm) · U. 'Green King' (Hybrid Elm) · U. 'Patriot' (Hybrid Elm) · U. 'Pioneer' (Hybrid Elm) · U. 'Triumph' (Hybrid Elm)

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Further Reading

• 2002 list of ecological comm[u]nities for Montana / prepared by Montana Natural Heritage Program, Montana State Library. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 2002 url .
• A biological study of Polypodium polypodioides (resurrection fern) as an air plant in Mississippi... Baltimore, Md., 1923. url p. 11, p. 5.
• A botanical survey of the Sugar Grove region / by Robert F. Griggs. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1914. url p. 325.
• A bud and twig key to the more important broadleaf deciduous trees in the United States, by O. L. Sponsler. Ann Arbor, Mich., G. Wahr, 1916. url p. 22.
• A check-list of plants mentioned in the Arnold Arboretum bulletins / [compiled by Charles Downing Lay, Robert Wheelwright]. Harrisburg, Pa.: Landscape Architecture, Inc., 1919 url p. 48.
• A field and laboratory guide in biological nature-study, by Elliot R. Downing. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press[c1918] url .
• A guide to the identification of our more useful timbers, being a manual for the use of the students of forestry. CambridgeUniversity Press1920 url p. 19.
• A manual of the timbers of the world: their characteristics and uses: to which is appended an account by S. Fitzgerald of the artificial seasoning of timber. London: Macmillan, 1920. url , .
• A naturalist in Western China: with vasculum, camera, and gun, being some account of eleven year's travel, exploration, and observation in the more remote parts of the flowery kingdom; with an introduction by Charles Sprague Sargent. London, Methuen[1913] url p. xxii.
• A naturalist in the Great Lakes region, by Elliot Rowland Downing. .. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press[c1922] url , , , , p. 205, p. 328.
• A naturalist in western China, with vasculum, camera, and gun; being some account of eleven years' travel, exploration, and observation in the more remote parts of the Flowery kingdom, by Ernest Henry Wilson...with an introduction by Charles Sprague Sargent...With one hundred and one full-page illustrations and a map. London, Methuen & co., ltd.[1913] url p. 22.
• A provisional list of the parasitic fungi of Wisconsin. Madison, 1914 url p. 978.
• A record of the doctors in botany of the University of Chicago 1897-1916, presented to John Merle Coulter, professor and head of the Department of botany, by the doctors in Botany at the quarter-centennial of the university, June 1916. Chicago, [1916] url .
• A spring flora for high schools, New York, Cincinnati [etc.]American Book Company[c1915] url .
• A spring flora for high schools, by Henry C. Cowles. .. and John G. Coulter. .. New York, American book company[c1915] url p. 52.
• A survey of diseases and defects in Connecticut forests / [New Haven]: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1938. url p. 558.
• A survey of natural areas in Tyrrell County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url p. 8.
• A text-book of mycology and plant pathology / Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co.c1917. url , .
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• An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102nd meridian / by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. New York: Scribner, 1913. url p. 626.
• An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1950. url p. 112, p. 151, p. 179, p. 209, p. 218, p. 346, p. 356, p. 82.
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• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. url p. 454.
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• Applied and economic botany, especially adapted for the use of students in technical schools, agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical colleges, and also as a book of reference for chemists, food analysts and students engaged in by Henry Kraemer. .. illustrated with 424 plates, comprising about 2000 figures. Philadelphia, The author[c1914] url p. 512.
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• Biodiversity and representativeness of research natural areas on national wildlife refuges in Montana, designated areas within Benton Lake, Charles M. Russell, Lake Mason, Medicine Lake, and Red Rock final report / submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; prepared by Stephen V. Cooper and Bonnie L. Heidel. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1999 url p. 31.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 19, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 13 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 23, 2008)
• "Ulmus americana". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645778
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-19049
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13851940
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:856816-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 40817
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 19049
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 856815-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ULFL
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11530

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Yiqun Xin & Alan Whittemore "Ulmaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Susan L. Sherman-Broyles "Ulmus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 250.050 meters (820.374 feet), Standard Deviation = 237.190 based on 1,126 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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