Typha domingensis

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Typha angustata Bory & Chaubard

Notes:

Publishing author: Bory & Chaub. Publication: Nouv. Fl. Pelop. 4.

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Syn. pl. 2(2):532. 1807

Name verified on 06-Oct-1994 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 06-Feb-2004

Physical Description

Family Typhaceae:

Herbs, perennial, of fresh to slightly brackish wetlands, often emergent, rhizomatous, caulescent in flower, smooth, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline, 2-ranked, mostly ascending; sheaths open, margins overlapping, clear, summit tapered into blade or auriculate; blades twisted into loose helix, narrowly linear-attenuate, apex acute, aerenchyma prominent. Inflorescences 1, terminal, erect, equaled or exceeded by cauline leaves, cylindric, spikelike (hereafter "spikes") ; staminate spike flowers deciduous but axis generally persistent; staminate spike distal to pistillate spike; young spikes subtended by early-deciduous bracts resembling reduced foliage leaves, 1 bract subtending pistillate spike, 1 bract subtending and several within staminate spike;,staminate spike flowers deciduous but axis generally persistent; staminate axis with numerous simple or branched scales arising among flowers; pistillate axis with numerous projections ("compound pedicels"), evident on denuded fruiting spike, each bearing several flowers; in some species flowers subtended by slender bracteoles. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same plants, numerous, densely packed in unisexual spikes, minute, wind-pollinated (stigmas receptive several days before pollen is shed) ; perianth probably represented by staminate scales and by hairs on stipes of pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers stipitate; stamens 1--several, filaments connate; anthers basifixed, connective distally extended. Pistillate flowers hypogynous, stipitate (stipe bearing numerous straight hairs, developing after flowering, acting in wind dispersal of fruits) ; pistils 1, 1-carpellate; ovariesy 1-locular; placentation apical; ovules 1; styles 1, unbranched; stigmas 1, whitish or green, drying brown, 1-sided, smooth; agamous flowers numerous (ovaries modified after flowering as carpodia) . Fruits follicles, fusiform; pericarp clear, hyalinetransparent, splitting longitudinally in water to release seed. Seeds: endosperm starchy, oily; embryo cylindric.

Genus Genera 1, species ca. 8--13 (3 in the flora) : boreal to tropical regions worldwide.

The extensive literature on morphology and taxonomy of Typhaceae has been recently reviewed by (U. Müller-Doblies and D. Müller-Doblies (1977) ; R. M. T. Dahlgren and H. T. Clifford (1982) ; R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. (19853) ; and J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken (1996) . The inflorescence is probably reduced from a compound structure.

Sparganium and Typha are very similar and perhaps should be placed in one family, as summarized by J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken (1996) : T (J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken 1996) . Other authors (e.g., D. Müller-Doblies 1970; U. Müller-Doblies and D. Müller-Doblies 1977; W. Schultze-Motel 1980) placed Sparganium in the Typhaceae.

Pre-Englerian [authors] ... placed Typha and Sparganium together in a single family, the Typhaceae. [H. G. A.] Engler (1886) put these genera in separate families, thus starting a tradition that has been followed by almost all subsequent authors until recently, when [D.] Müller-Doblies (1970) re-examined the relationships of the genera and concluded that "the five different characters by which Engler justified the family Sparganiaceae are wrong or, in two cases, without any significance ... The few remaining but very obvious differences may be explained to a large extend [sic] by an adaptation of Typha to anemochory [wind-dispersal of propagules]...."

The phylogenetic relationships of the Typhales with other families remain controversial, and it seems best to treat the taxon as an isolated order of uncertain relationships pending further research. Various authors have placed the Typhales close to or within the Pandanales, Arales, Poales, Liliales, Pontederiales, or Philydrales or in the Commeliniflorae generally close to the Cyperales and Juncales (J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken 1996) .^[1]

Genus Typha:

Plants of fresh to slightly brackish wetlands, often emergent. Rhizomes at base of erect shoots, mostly horizontal, unbranched, to 70 cm ´ 5--40 mm, starchy, firm, scaly. Erect shoots vegetative or flowering, single at rhizome apices or arising from shoot bases, thus clustered, unbranched, to 4 m, elliptic in cross section; stems often somewhat compressed distally, aerenchyma absent. Foliage leaves persistent, intergrading proximally with scale leaves, to 15 on each flowering shoot; blade twisted into loose helix, mostly slightly oblanceolate, thickly concave-convex or plano-convex proximally to thinly plane distally (abaxially keeled in the Old World Typha. eleiphantina Roxburgh) ; mucilage-secreting glands numerous in adaxial surface of sheath and sometimes proximally on blade, colorless to brown, roughly rectangular. Inflorescences: staminate scales shorter than or exceeding flowers; pistillate spikes usually persisting into winter, when dry fruiting flowers often falling in masses; pistillate bracteoles absent or numerous, colorless except for brown apical blade at spike surface, filiform, blade club-shaped to lanceoloid. Staminate flowers: anthers dehiscing longitudinally, 4-sporangiate. Pistillate flowers: pistil hairs colorless and wholly filiform, or apically enlarged and brown, exceeded by stigmas; carpodia obovoid, spongy, bearing rudimentary styles. x = 15.

The extensive literature on Typha has been reviewed (C. M. Finlayson et al. 1983; J. B. Grace and J. S. Harrison 1986; J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken 1996). A modern taxonomic revision is much needed, especially for eastern Asia, adjacent islands, and South America (S. G. Smith 1987) ; the latest worldwide monograph is that by E. M. Kronfeld (1889). The center of diversity (ca. 6 species) is central Eurasia.

Typha is ecologically important in many fresh to slightly brackish wetlands, often emergent in up to 1.5 m of water. Each spike may produce hundreds of thousands seeds, which are efficiently wind-dispersed and germinate on bare wet soils or under very shallow water. The seedlings rapidly form clones by means of rhizomes in the first season, flower the second season (R. R. Yeo 1964), and often form very large, persistent, often monospecific stands. Some species produce large amounts of biomass, comparable to the most productive agricultural crops. The three species are ecotypically well differentiated in North America (S. J. McNaughton 1966). Some mechanisms of competition between Typha species were studied by J. B. Grace and R. G. Wetzel (1982) and J. B. Grace (1988) (cf. Thieret and Luken 1996;, J. B. Grace and J. S. Harrison 1986).

Common teratological forms are longitudinally split pistillate spikes (caused by parasitic insects), pistillate spikes interrupted by zones of naked axis, and partially merged pistillate and staminate spikes.

Typha species are or have been utilized in numerous ways worldwide (C. M. Finlayson et al. 1983; J. B. Grace and J. S. Harrison 1986; J. F. Morton 1975; V. Ramey 1981; J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken 1996). Leaves are used for dwellings (walls, roof thatch, floor coverings) ; for mats, baskets, and other handicraft objects; for caning chairs; and for caulking barrels, boats, and houses. "Fluff" from fruiting spikes is used for tinder and insulation; for dressing burns; and for stuffing pillows, quilts, mattresses, life preservers, toys, and diapers. Young shoot bases, young rhizomes, starch from mature rhizomes, staminate flowers before anthesis, and pollen are all minor sources of food. Typha is valuable as habitat and food for many kinds of wildlife. It is useful for removal of various kinds of pollutants; a potential source of fiber for paper and other products; and a potential source of energy, e.g., for alcohol manufacture. The seeds comprise about 18--20% of an edible oil (69% linolenic acid). Several species are cultivated as ornamentals. The North American species are often sold commercially and planted for wildlife habitat and in wetland restoration.

The larger Typha species and T. ´glauca can be serious weeds in managed aquatic systems worldwide, where they can invade canals, ditches, reservoirs, cultivated fields, and farm ponds; they can be a nuisance in recreational lakes; and they can reduce biodiversity and displace species more desirable for certain kinds of wildlife (J. B. Grace and J. S. Harrison 1986; J. F. Morton 1975; J. W. Thieret and J. O. Luken 1996).

Users of this treatment should be aware of the following: 1) Leaves shrink considerably in width as they dry. 2) Leaf mucilage glands are usually colorless and difficult to see in fresh leaves of all three species early in the season and in Typha latifolia at all stages. They are brown and clearly evident to the unaided eye in mid- to late-season fresh or dried T. angustifolia and T. domingensis and are easily stained (with, e.g., safranin). Brown necrotic spots, apparently caused by feeding arthropods, may superficially resemble mucilage glands. 3) Spikes are commonly poorly developed as a result of drought or other causes; fruiting spike thicknesses given herein are for normal spikes. 4) Except for the presence of mucilage glands on the leaf blades, unique to T. domingensis and its hybrids, the microscopic flower and bracteole structures are generally essential for accurate identification of Typha species and hybrids. This is in part because of changes in the inflorescences during development and in part because of phenotypic plasticity, especially of leaf blade widths. It is often necessary to use forceps to pull a few pistillate flowers out of the spike and observe them with a dissecting microscope at 20´ X to 30´ X. 5) Pollen is often infested with fungi, which attach the grains together and simulate genetically aborted grains, and the grains of T. angustifolia and T. domingensis often adhere in small groups for no obvious reason.

Hybrids: Putative hybrids among the three North American species have been experimentally produced and occur in most regions of sympatry and have been experimentally produced (S. G. Smith 1967, 1987). Local studies were provided (J. R. Dugle and T. P. Copps 1972; T. M. Tompkins and J. Taylor 1983). Protogyny and slight differences in flowering dates favor interspecific pollination. Hybrid seedlings are likely wherever two species form mixed stands and bare wet soil is available for seed germination and seedling establishment. 1) T. latifolia ´ T. angustifolia (=T. ´glauca Godr., pro sp.), often called "hybrid cattail," is abundant throughout most of the region of sympatry of the parents except along the southeast coast, where it is uncommon. Almost all plants are putative ff1s which are intermediate between the parental species in all morphologic characters studied and are highly sterile, producing very few or no seeds or viable pollen grains. Fertile or sterile intermediates between T. ´glauca and T. angustifolia occasionally occur, however. In spite of its sterility, T. ´glauca is remarkably successful ecologically. It often spreads by means of rhizomes to form often very large clones and out-competes the parental species, especially in eutrophic, disturbed habitats with unstable water levels (S. W. Harris and W. H. Marshall 1963; S. G. Smith 1987). Unfortunately it has been treated as a species by many authors (e.g., N. Hotchkiss and H. L. Dozier 1949). 2) Typha domingensis ´ T. latifolia (= T. ´provincialis A. Camus, T. bethulona Costa) is known only from very few collections in Arkansas, California, Florida, Missouri, Nebraska, and North Carolina. All of these are highly sterile putative F1s except for one putative F2, in which the characteristics of the parental species are recombined, from southern California. 3) Typha angustifolia ´ T. domingensis is known from scattered specimens in Arkansas, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, and Nebraska. It is not known from the southeast coast, perhaps because of differences between the species in flowering dates. Most plants are highly fertile, and some may be F2 or later generation hybrids. 4) Putative T. angustifolia ´ T. domingensis ´ T. latifolia trihybrids are locally common in California and rare in south-central United States. Introgression between the interfertile T. angustifolia and T. domingensis is presumably probably locally common in the south-central U.S. and north-central California, while introgression between T. latifolia and the other two species is probably very uncommon because of hybrid sterility. Published research presumably demonstrating introgression (e.g., N.C. Fassett and B. M. Calhoun 1952) is faulty (S. G. Smith 1967, 1987). The tetraploid T. orientalis of the Pacific Basin may be of hybrid origin (B. G. Briggs and L. A. S. Johnson 1968; S. G. Smith 1967, 1987).^[2]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Flower Color: bronze, brown

Images:

Distribution

Range and Population

Caribbean

Native: Subtropic, Widespread in Tropic.

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Similar Species

Members of the genus Typha:

There are approximately 128 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: T. angustifolia muelleri · T. latifolia eulatifolia · T. gezei · T. shuttleworthii · T. aequalis · T. aethiopica · T. albagensis · T. albida · T. alekseevii · T. ambigua · T. americana · T. anguatata · T. angustifolia (Lesser Bulrush) · T. angustifolia eu-angustifolia · T. angustifolia f. foveolata · T. angustifolia subsp. eu-angustifolia · T. angustifolia var. brownii (Narrowleaf Cattail) · T. angustifolia var. spathacea · T. angustifolia var. virginica · T. angustifolium · T. argoviensis · T. augustifolia · T. australis · T. austro-orientalis · T. azerbaijanensis · T. baetulona · T. balansae · T. basedowii · T. bethulona · T. bracteata · T. brownii · T. bungeana · T. capensis · T. caspica · T. caucasica · T. changbaiensis · T. communis · T. crassa · T. daenatica · T. damiattica · T. davidiana · T. domingensis (Narrow-Leaf Cumbungi) · T. domingensis var. eu-domingensis · T. dominguensis · T. ehrenbergii · T. elata · T. elatior · T. elephantina · T. elliptica · T. elongata · T. engelmannii · T. essequeboensis · T. foveolata · T. glauca (White Cattail) · T. gracilis · T. grossheimii · T. hercynica · T. intermedia · T. japonica · T. javanica · T. joannis · T. juncifolia · T. kalatensis · T. latifolia (Broadleaf Cattail) · T. latifolia f. divisa · T. latifolia var. typica · T. latifolia var. Variegata (Variegated Cat Tail) · T. latissima · T. laxmanii · T. laxmanni · T. laxmannii (Graceful Cattail) · T. laxmannii var. davidiana · T. laxmannii var. turczaninovii · T. lesquereuxi · T. lesquereuxii · T. lesqueruexi · T. lugdunensis · T. macranthelia · T. major · T. maresii · T. martini · T. massette · T. maxima · T. media · T. minima (Dwarf Bulrush) · T. minima gracilis · T. minima var. gracilis · T. minor · T. minuta · T. muelleri · T. nana · T. orientalis (Broadleaf Cumbungi) · T. ovalis · T. pallida · T. palustris · T. pendula · T. persica · T. pliocenica · T. pontica · T. provincialis

Members of the genus Gobius:

There are approximately 195 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: G. hypselosoma · Oligolepis keiensis · G. aeneofuscus guineensis · G. apollonia · G. apollonia melanostomus · G. ater (Bellotti's Goby) · G. ateriformis · G. atriclypeus · G. auratus (Golden Goby) · G. auratus luteus · G. auratus ruginosa · G. auritus · G. australis · G. baliuroides · Awaous aeneofuscus · G. bipunctatus · G. bitelatus · G. bleekeri · G. boekeri · G. brevirostris · G. brumnoides · G. brunnea · G. bucchichi (Bucchich's Goby) · G. buchichii · Economidichthys pygmaeus · G. caniculus · Yongeichthys nebulosus · G. caninus africanus · G. cobitis · G. catulus · G. caudatus · GlossoG. giuris · G. cephalarges constructor · Gobiodon rivulatus · G. claytoni · G. cobitis (Giant Goby) · G. cobitus · G. colonianus · G. commersonii · BathyG. casamancus · G. couchi (Couch's Goby) · G. crassilabrus · G. criniger decaryi · CristatoG. gobioides · G. cruentatus (Red-Mouthed Goby) · G. cruentatus geniporus · G. darnleyensis · G. depressus quadrivittata · G. depressus zebratus · G. dewalli · G. ebriosus · BathyG. fuscus · Pomatoschistus minutus · G. cobitis · G. exanthematosus gibbosus · G. fallax (Sarato's Goby) · G. fasciatus · Oxyurichthys guibei · RediG. bikolanus · G. fluviatilis nigra · G. fluviatilis pallasi · G. friesii friesii · G. friesii macrolepis · G. fuscus fuscus · G. garmani · G. gasteveni (Steven's Goby) · G. gastoveni · G. geniporus (Slender Goby) · CaffroG. nudiceps · GlossoG. callidus · G. G. · G. niger · G. gozo minor · Pomatoschistus minutus · G. grurus · G. guiniensis · G. helvetiae · G. hoplopomus · G. hypselosoma · G. joso · G. jozo albescens · G. jozo major · G. jozo nigrescens · G. jozo pontica · GlossoG. giuris · G. kolombatovici · G. koseirensis · G. kraussi · G. lacertus · G. lacteus · G. lancelatus · BathyG. casamancus · G. latiformis · RhinoG. brunneus · G. lesueuri aegyptius · LesueuriG. suerii · G. leucomelas · Sicyopterus caeruleus · G. littoreus · MauliG. nigri

Bibliography

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• Dahlgren, R. and H. T. Clifford. 1982. The monocotyledons: a comparative study. 378 pp. New York.
• Dugle, J. R. and T. P. Copps. 1972. Pollen characteristics of Manitoba cattails. Canadian Field Naturalist 86: 33--40.
• Eckardt, T. 1964. Pandanales. In: H. Melchior, ed. 1964. A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 12. 2 vols. Berlin. Vol. 2, pp. 598--602.
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Notes

Contributors:

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 30, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program
• Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, SysTax
• SysTax, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
• Utah Valley State College
• , Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers:

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 42327
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13754393
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:836837-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TYAN2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 67214

Footnotes:

1. S. Galen Smith "Typhaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Typha". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.