Trollius laxus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Ranunculaceae

Herbs perennial or annual , sometimes subshrubs or herbaceous or woody vines . Leaves basal and cauline, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled , simple or variously compound , palmately nerved, rarely penninerved , with or without stipules. Inflorescence a simple or compound monochasium, dichasium, simple or compound raceme, or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual , sometimes unisexual , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous. Sepals 3--6 or more, free , petaloid or sepaloid , imbricate or sometimes valvate in bud. Petals present or absent, 2--8 or more, free, usually with nectaries. Stamens numerous , rarely few, free; filaments linear or filiform ; anthers latrorse , introrse , or extrorse ; sometimes some sterile stamens becoming staminodes. Carpels numerous or few, rarely 1, free, rarely connate to various degrees ; ovary with 1 to many ovules. Fruit follicles or achenes, rarely capsules or berries . Seeds small, with abundant endosperm and minute embryo.

About 60 genera and 2500 species: worldwide, but richly represented in N temperate regions , particularly in E Asia; 38 genera (four endemic) and 921 species (604 endemic) in China.[1]

Genus Trollius

Herbs, perennial , from short caudices. Leaves basal and cauline, proximal leaves petiolate , distal leaves sessile or nearly so; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf blade deeply palmately divided into (3-) 5-7 segments, segments obovate , ± 3-lobed, margins coarsely toothed , often incised. Inflorescences terminal , 1-3[-7]-flowered open cymes or flowers solitary; peduncle 2-30 cm; bracts leaflike, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual , radially symmetric ; sepals not persistent in fruit, (4-) 5-9[-30], white to orange-yellow [orange-red or purplish], ± plane [strongly concave and incurved ], elliptic , orbiculate, or obovate, sometimes short-clawed, 10-30 mm; petals 5-25, distinct , yellow or orange, plane with cupped base of blade, linear-oblong [ovate ], ± clawed, 2-10[-40] mm; nectary within pocketlike base of blade; stamens 20-75; filaments filiform ; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils 5-28[-50], simple ; ovules 4-5(-9) per pistil; style present. Fruits follicles, aggregate, sessile, oblong , sides transversely veined; beak terminal, straight, 2-4 mm. Seeds black or dark brown, faceted to angular, dull or lustrous . x =8.

Species ca. 30: north temperate and arctic regions, North America, Europe, Asia.

As many as 10 Eurasian species of Trollius have been cultivated in North America as ornamentals . Of these, only T. europaeus Linnaeus has been reported to escape . The species infrequently persists near old dwellings in New Brunswick (B .Boivin 1966; H.Hinds, pers. comm. ). Trollius europaeus may be distinguished from all North American species by its globose flowers with strongly incurved sepals (in North American species flowers are shallowly bowl-shaped with sepals ± spreading ).[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Calcareous soils (rarely not calcareous) in alkaline meadows and open swamps ; 100-500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Trollius americanus de Candolle

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Trollius

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 15 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

T. chinensis (Chinese Globe Flower) · T. chinensis 'Golden Queen' (Golden Queen Chinese Globe Flower) · T. europaeus (European Globeflower) · T. europaeus europaeus (European Globeflower) · T. europaeus 'Superbus' (Superbus Globe Flower) · T. laxus (American Globeflower) · T. laxus albiflorus (American Globeflower) · T. laxus laxus (American Globeflower) · T. laxus var. albi-florus (Spreading Globeflower) · T. laxus subsp. albiflorus (American Globeflower) · T. laxus 'Albiflorus' (American Globeflower) · T. riederianus (Kamchatka Globeflower) · T. x cultorum (Garden Globeflower Trollius X Cultorum) · T. x cultorum 'Earliest of All' (Garden Globeflower) · T. x cultorum 'Prichard's Giant' (Prichard's Giant Globeflower)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A dictionary of American plant names, compiled by Willard N. Clute. Joliet, Ill., W. N. Clute, 1923. url p. 5.
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• A flora of the state of New-York: comprising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hitherto discovered in the state: with remarks on their economical and medicinal properties / by John Torrey. Albany: Carroll and Cook, printers to the Assembly, 1843. url p. 18, p. 459.
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• A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations, Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch Press, 1911. url .
• A manual of poisonous plants: chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations / by L.H. Pammel. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch Press, 1910-1911. url p. 111.
• A manual of the flora of northern Idaho /Carl Epling and Joe Ewan. 1 1941 1941. url p. 163.
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• A vegetation index of biotic integrity for small-order streams in southwest Montana and a floristic quality assessment for western Montana wetlands / [Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2005]. url .
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• IX.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 28, 2006. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 4 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• "Trollius laxus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 07, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645605
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-18806
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13729726
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:715115-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 316198
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18806
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TRLAL
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 66650

Footnotes

1. Wencai Wang, Dezhi Fu, Liang-Qian Li, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, Bryan E. Dutton, Michael G. Gilbert, Yuichi Kadota, Orbélia R. Robinson, Michio Tamura, Michael J. Warnock, Guanghua Zhu & Svetlana N. Ziman "Ranunculaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Bruce D. Parfitt "Trollius". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Trollius laxus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 1,460.960 meters (4,793.176 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,007.580 based on 134 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.