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Triumfetta semitriloba

(Dadangsi, Masiksik Lahe, Sacramento Bur, Sacramento Burrbark, Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba)

Overview:

Conservation Status

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Population Analysis

  • For the 835,580 species in the Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons), we average 4.30 observations each in our database; for the Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba, we have 101 observations. Compared to other species in this Class, this species is moderately common.
  • A two-sample t-test can be used to determine whether the trend in observations of the Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba is the same as the trend in observations of Magnoliopsida. Is this species just as common, as a proportion of all observations, as it once was? The answer is no, changes in observation rate of this species significantly differ from changes in observation rate of its Class. (t=5.509, p<0.001)
  • How do observation rates of the Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba differ from those of Magnoliopsida? To answer this, we examined the percentage of observerations for Magnoliopsida that were observations of the Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba each year. We then correlated this percentage with observation year. If observations of the Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba are becoming more common relative to other species of Magnoliopsida, the correlation should be positive, but if it is becoming less common, the correlation should be negative. In fact, the correlation is negative (r=-.5), with a negative slope (m = -.000), suggesting that the Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba may be in decline relative to other species of Magnoliopsida. This correlation is statistically significant. (F = 19.52, p<.05)
  • The scatter chart to the right shows the percentage of all observations for Magnoliopsida each year that were observations of the Sacremento Bur Triumfetta Semitriloba.

Taxonomy

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  • Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
    • Kingdom: Plantae Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
      • Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
        • Phylum: Tracheophyta Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Enum. syst. pl. 22. 1760 (Select. stirp. amer. hist. 146. 1763)

Name verified on 07-Nov-1985 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 04-Aug-2006

Physical Description

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Family Malvaceae:

Herbs, shrubs, or less often trees; indumentum usually with peltate scales or stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate; leaf blade usually palmately veined, entire or various lobed. Flowers solitary, less often in small cymes or clusters, axillary or subterminal, often aggregated into terminal racemes or panicles, usually conspicuous, actinomorphic, usually bisexual (unisexual in Kydia) . Epicalyx often present, forming an involucre around calyx, 3- to many lobed. Sepals 5, valvate, free or connate. Petals 5, free, contorted, or imbricate, basally adnate to base of filament tube. Stamens usually very many, filaments connate into tube; anthers 1-celled. Pollen spiny. Ovary superior, with 2-25 carpels, often separating from one another and from axis; ovules 1 to many per locule; style as many or 2 × as many as pistils, apex branched or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a schizocarp, separating into individual mericarps, rarely berrylike when mature (Malvaviscus) ; carpels sometimes with an endoglossum (a crosswise projection from back wall of carpel to make it almost completely septate. Seeds often reniform, glabrous or hairy, sometimes conspicuously so.

About 100 genera and ca. 1000 species: tropical and temperate regions of N and S Hemisphere; 19 genera (four introduced) and 81 species (24 endemic, 16 introduced) in China.

Molecular studies have shown that the members of the Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae form a very well-defined monophyletic group that is divided into ten also rather well-defined clades, only two of which correspond to the traditional families Bombacaceae and Malvaceae. Some of the remaining groups are included entirely within either of the remaining families but others cut across the traditional divide between the Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. A majority of authors, most notably Bayer and Kubitzki (Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 5: 225-311. 2003), has favored including everything within a greatly enlarged Malvaceae, and treating the individual clades as subfamilies. The alternative view is that the individual clades should be treated as a series of ten families: Bombacaceae (Bombacoideae), Brownlowiaceae (Brownlowioideae), Byttneriaceae (Byttnerioideae), Durionaceae (Durionoideae), Helicteraceae (Helicteroideae), Malvaceae (Malvoideae), Pentapetaceae (Dombeyoideae), Sparrmanniaceae (Grewioideae), Sterculiaceae (Sterculioideae), and Tiliaceae (Tilioideae) (Cheek in Heywood et al., Fl. Pl. Fam. World. 201-202. 2007) . For the present treatment, we prefer to retain the familiar, traditional four families, so as to maintain continuity with the treatments in FRPS, and to await a consensus on the two alternative strategies for dealing with the very widely accepted clades.

The traditional Malvaceae coincides exactly with one of the major clades. The only possible problem is the relationship with the Bombacaceae, which also has primarily 1-loculed anthers, and some authorities have suggested that the Bombacaceae should be included within the Malvaceae.

Members of the Malvaceae are important as fiber crops (particularly cotton, Gossypium) . Young leaves of many species can be used as vegetables, and species of Abelmoschus and Hibiscus are grown as minor food crops. Many species have attractive flowers and an ever-increasing selection is grown as ornamentals. Several have been cultivated for a very long time, particularly species of Hibiscus, and some of these are not known in the wild.[1]

Genus Triumfetta:

Herbs, rarely subshrubs, annual or perennial, erect or procumbent, hairs with swollen base, stellate or with 1 ray and apparently simple. Leaves alternate, simple or palmately 3-5-lobed, palmately veined, margin serrate. Flowers solitary or arranged in small cymes or fascicles, axillary, opposite to leaves, bisexual; peduncle very short. Sepals 5, free, valvate, usually with hooked appendages at tip. Petals as many as sepals, free, thickened glands on base of adaxial surface. Stamens 5 to numerous; filaments free; anthers dorsifixed, subglobose, dehiscence longitudinal, borne on androgynophore; androgynophore fleshy, segmented, short, with 5 glands opposite to petals. Ovary 2-5-loculed; ovules 2 per locule; style simple; stigma 2-5-lobed. Fruit a capsule nearly globose, 3-6-valved, spiny or strigose, loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent, spine tips pointed, straight or hooked. Seeds with endosperm; cotyledons fleshy, epigeous.

Between 100 to 160 species: primarily in tropical and subtropical areas, several species are widespread weeds; seven species in China.[2]

Habit: Subshrub, Shrub, Forb/herb

Seeds: Fruit: Fruits with hooked prickles.

Images:

Distribution

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Range and Population

West Indies

Caribbean

Native: Chiapas, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora.

Reproduction

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Duration: Annual, Perennial

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Triumfetta:

There are approximately 401 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: T. clivorum brevipetala · T. ryeae brevipetala · T. abutiloides · T. abyssinica · T. acracantha · T. actinocarpa · T. acuminata · T. acutiloba · T. aestuans · T. albida · T. althaeoides · T. altheoides · T. altheoides var. subtriloba · T. amuletum · T. angiensis · T. angolensis · T. angulata · T. annua · T. antrorsa · T. antunesii · T. apetala · T. appendiculata · T. aquila · T. arborescens · T. arnhemica · T. arussorum · T. aspera · T. attenuata · T. barbosa · T. bartramia var. clementii · T. benguelensis · T. benguetensis · T. bequaertii · T. berteroi · T. beuguetensis · T. bicornuta · T. bilocularis · T. bogotensis (Parquet Burr) · T. bogotensis var. grandiflora · T. botieriana · T. boyacana · T. brachistacantha · T. brachyceras · T. brachypetala · T. brachystema · T. bradshawii · T. breviaculeata · T. brevipes · T. brevipetiolata · T. buettneriacea · T. calderoni · T. calderonii · T. calycina · T. calyculata · T. calzadae · T. cana · T. canacorum · T. carteri · T. caudata · T. centralis · T. chaetocarpa · T. chihuahuensis · T. chrysotricha · T. cinerea · T. cladara · T. claessensi · T. claessensii · T. claudinae · T. clementii · T. clivorum · T. clivorum clivorum · T. clivorum subsp. brevipetala · T. columnarioides · T. columnaris · T. conspicua · T. cordifolia (Cordleaf Burrbark) · T. coriacea · T. coronata · T. cucullata · T. cuneata · T. cupricola · T. cymosa · T. cymosa var. glabrescens · T. cymosa var. hirsuta · T. dehicens · T. dehiscens · T. dekindtiana · T. delicatula · T. dembianensis · T. denticulata · T. deschampsii · T. deserticola · T. dichotoma · T. digitata · T. dilungensis · T. dioica · T. discolor · T. diversifolia · T. diversiloba · T. dubia

Bibliography

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  • Adams, C. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. (F Jam)
  • Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. (L Peru)
  • Chang Hung-ta & Miau Ru-huai. 1989. Tiliaceae. In: Chang Hung-ta, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(1): 47-123.
  • Feng Kuo-mei. 1984. Malvaceae. In: Feng Kuo-mei, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 1-102.
  • Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. (Atlas WWeed)
  • Howard, R. 1974–1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt)
  • Howard, R. A. 1973. The Enumeratio and Selectarum of Nicolaus von Jacquin. J. Arnold Arbor. 54:435–470.
  • Killeen, T. J. et al. 1993. Guia de arboles de Bolivia. (Trees Bolivia)
  • León (J. S. Sauget) & Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946–1962. Flora de Cuba.; suppl. 1969 (F CubaLeon)
  • Liogier, H. A. 1984–. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands. (F PuertoR)
  • Long, R. W. & O. Lakela. 1971. A flora of tropical Florida. (F TFla)
  • Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936–1971. Flora of Peru.; new ser. 1980- (F Peru)
  • McVaugh, R. 1983–. Flora Novo-Galiciana. (F NGalicia)
  • Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. 1999. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act. (State Noxweed Seed)
  • Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1946–1976. Flora of Guatemala. (F Guat)
  • Woodson, R. E. & R. W. Schery, eds. 1943–1980. Flora of Panama. (F Panama) [mentions].
  • Wunderlin, R. P. 1982. Guide to the vascular plants of central Florida. (F CFla)

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors:

  • Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
  • Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 01, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 11 providers.
  • USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 01, 2007:

Identifiers:

Footnotes:

  1. Ya Tang, Michael G. Gilbert & Laurence J. Dorr "Malvaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 240, 264,299, 302. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. "Triumfetta". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 240, 258,260, 281. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

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Last Revised: May 16, 2008