Trifolium repens

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Subfamily Faboideae

Mostly herbs, shrubs , or trees . Leaves pinnate or palmate to trifoliolate or apparently simple . Corolla usually, showy, zygomorphic, the petals imbricate, posterior (upper or banner ) petal outermost in bud. Stamens 10 or 9 + 1 (diadelphous ), not showy. Pollen released in monads . Seeds with u-shaped line (pleurogram) lacking. [Carr]

Genus Trifolium

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf trifoliolate , rarely (not in the local species) digitately 5-9-foliolate, leaflets mostly dentate ; stipules adnate to petiole . Inflorescence a sessile or pedunculate head or short raceme or solitary. Bracts present or absent. Calyx variable, accrescent or inflated , teeth equal or unequal. Corolla pink, red to purple, white or yellow, persistent . Stamens diadelphous , 9+1, vexillary stamens free , anthers uniform . Ovary with few ovules, style incurved , stigma capitate. Fruit usually included in calyx, often indehiscent, 1-2 (-12) -seeded.

A genus with about 300 species, distributed in temperate regions with centres of distribution in the Mediterranean region, Ethiopia, California and Chile; locally represented by 8 species, including 4 introduced species .[1]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,271 meters (0 to 17,293 feet).[2]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: Yes • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Year Round • Fruit/Seed Period End: Year Round • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: Low • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 6.0 • Maximum pH: 7.0 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Intermediate

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 40 • Maximum Precipitation: 100 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): 22 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 250 • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Roskov Y.R., 2005-2006

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:767. 1753

Name verified on 26-Mar-2007 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 26-Mar-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Trifolium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1046 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

T. 0~0~0~0~con · T. abbreviatum · T. absadami · T. abyssinicum · T. acaule · T. aciculare · T. acutiflorum · T. adscendens · T. adulterinum · T. affine · T. africanum (African Clover) · T. agrarium · T. agrestinum · T. aintabense (Aintab Clover) · T. albapurpureum · T. albens · T. albiceps · T. albidum · T. albopupureum · T. albopurpureaum · T. albopurpureum (Common Indian Clover) · T. album · T. alexandrinum (Alexandrinischer Klee) · T. alexandrinum var. serotinum · T. alexandrinus · T. alexandrium · T. alopecuroides · T. alpestre (Purple Globe Clover) · T. alpestre var. alpestre · T. alpestre var. durmitoreum · T. alpicola · T. alpicolum · T. alpinum (Alpen Klee) · T. altissimum · T. amabile (Aztec Clover) · T. amabile var. amabile · T. amabile var. hemsleyi · T. amabile var. longifoliolum · T. amabile var. longifolium · T. amabile var. mexicanum · T. amabile var. pedicellaris · T. ambiguum (Caucasian Clover) · T. ambiquum · T. amoenum · T. amphianthum · T. amphicarpum · T. amplectens · T. ampulescens · T. anatolicum · T. andersonii (Anderson´s Clover) · T. andersonii beatleyae · T. andersonii beatleyae var. beatleyae (Anderson´s Clover) · T. andersonii friscanum · T. andersonii monoense var. monoense (Anderson´s Clover) · T. andersonii var. friscanum · T. andinum (Intermountain Clover) · T. andinum Nutt. var. podocephalum Barneby · T. andinum var. andinum · T. andrewsii · T. andricum · T. anemophilum · T. anemophilum anemophilum · T. angulatum · T. angustifolium (Narrowleaf Crimson Clover) · T. ankaratrense · T. anodon · T. anomalum · T. antucoense · T. antucoensis · T. apertum (Open Clover) · T. appendiculatum · T. apulum · T. arachnoideum · T. arcuatum · T. arcuatum arcuatum · T. arenivagum · T. argentinense · T. argutum · T. aristatum · T. arizonicum lacerum · T. armeniacum · T. armenium · T. arrectisetum · T. arvense (Rabbit´s Foot Clover) · T. arvense gracile · T. arvernense · T. arvicolum · T. asperulum · T. atlanticum · T. atropurpureum · T. atrorubens · T. atrorubens atrorubens · T. attenuatum (Rocky Mountain Clover) · T. aucheri · T. aurantiacum · T. aureum (Large Hop Trefoil) · T. axillare · T. baccarinii · T. badium (Brown Clover) · T. baeticum

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Further Reading

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• Flora Altaica; scripsit Carolus Fridericus a Ledebour, adiutoribus Car. Ant. Meyer et Al. a Bunge. Berolini, G. Reimeri, 1829-33. LAT url p. 256.
• Flora Badensis, Alsatica et confinium regionum cis et transrhenana plantas a lacu Bodamico usque ad confluentem Mosellae et Rheni sponte nascentes: exhibens secundum systema sexuale cum iconibus ad naturam dileneatis / auctore Carolo Christiano Gmelin. Carlsruhae: In Officina A. Mlleriana, 1805-1826. LAT url p. 566.
• Flora Baicalensi-Dahurica, seu, Descriptio plantarum in regionibus Cis- et Transbaicalensibus atque in Dahuria sponte nascentium / auctore Nicolao Turczaninow. Mosquae: A. Semen, 1842-1856. LAT url p. 281.
• Flora Berolinensis, sive, Enumeratio plantarum circa Berolinum sponte crescentium secundum familias naturales disposita / auctore Carolo Sigismundo Kunth. Berolini: Duncker et Humblot, 1838. LAT url p. 231.
• Flora Comense: disposta secondo il sistema di Linneo / dal professore Giuseppe Comolli. Como: C.P. Ostinelli, 1834-1857. ITA url p. 436.
• Flora Italica; sistens plantas in Italia et in insulis circumstantibus sponte nascentes. Bononiae, R. Masi, 1833-1854. LAT url p. 106, p. 107.
• Flora Parisiensis, ou, Descriptions et figures des plantes qui croissent aux environs de Paris; avec les diffrens noms, classes, ordres et genres qui leur conviennent, rangs suivant la mthode sexuelle de M. Linn, leurs par Mr. Bulliard. Paris, P.F. Didot, 1776-1783. FRE url p. 31, p. 47.
• Flora Peoriana; the vegetation in the climate of middle Illinois. Peoria, Ill., J. W. Franks, 1887. ENG url p. 37, p. 46.
• Flora Petropolitana. Sistens plantas in Gubernio Petropolitano sponte crescentes, tam eas quae olim in Flora Ingrica Krascheninnikovii a Gortero enumeratae sunt, quam novas post annum 1764 hucuque a variis botanicis Petro curante Gregorio Sobolewskj. Petropoli, Typis Collegii Imperialis Medici, 1799. LAT url p. 173.
• Flora Sardoa; seu Historia plantarum in Sardinia et adjacentibus insulis vel sponte nascentium vel ad utilitatem latius excultarum, auctore Josepho Hyacintho Moris. Taurini, Ex Regio Typographeo, 1837-59. LAT url p. 492, p. 496.
• Flora Saxonica. Die Flora von Sachsen, ein botanisches Excursionsbuch. Nebst Schlssel zum erleichterten Bestimmen der Gattungen nach Linnee's Sexualsystem und deutschem und lateinischem Register. Hrsg. von H. G. L. Reichenbach. DresdenIn der Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, 1842. GER url p. 284.
• Flora Scotica; or, A description of Scottish plants, arranged both according to the artificial and natural methods. London, Printed by R. and A. Taylor, for A. Constable, 1821. ENG url p. 269.
• Flora Taurinensis, sive, Enumeratio plantarum circa Taurinensem urbem nascentium / auctore Johanne Baptista Balbis. Taurini: Ex Typographia J. Giossi, 1806. LAT url p. 122.
• Flora Veneta, seu Enumeratio plantarum circa Venetiam nascentium, secundum methodum Linnanam disposita / auctore Stephano Moricand. Vol. I. Genev: Ex Typ. J.J. Paschoud, 1820. LAT url p. 311.
• Flora britannica / auctore Jacobo Edvardo Smith. Londini: Typis J. Davis, Veneunt apud J. White, 1800-1804. LAT url p. 783.
• Flora dell'isola di Pantelleria. Firenze, M. Ricci, 1922. ITA url p. 29.
• Flora der Nordfriesischen Inseln / von Paul Knuth. Kiel; Lipsius & Tischer, 1895. GER url p. 13, p. 19, p. 9.
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• Flora der Stadt Lemberg: oder Beschreibung, der um Lemberg wildwachsenden Pflanzen, nach ihrer Blthezeit geordnet / von Alexander Zawadski. Lemberg: Kuhn und Millikowski, 1836. GER url p. 48.
• Flora der Umgebung Lemsals und Laudohns; zwei Beitr�ge zur Flora Livlands, von A. Rapp. Hrsg. und mit einer phytogeographischen Einleitung versehen von J. Klinge. Riga, W.F. H�cker, 1895. GER url p. 13, p. 37, p. 85.
• Flora der gef�rsteten Grafshaft Tirol, des Landes Vorarlberg und des F�rstenthumes Liechtenstein. Nach eigenen und fremden Beobachtungen, Sammlungen und den Litteraturquellen bearb. von K.W. v. Dalla Torre und Ludwig Grafen von Sarnthein. Innsbruck, Verlag der Wagner'-schen Universit�ts-Buchhandlung, 1900-1913. GER url p. 24, p. 508, p. 558.
• Flora der ostfriesischen Inseln. Norden und Norderney, H. Braams, 1881. GER url p. 59.
• Flora des Frstenthumes Bayreuth / gesammelt von Johann Ludwig Christian Koelle; besonders fr Jugendlehrer, Oekonomen und Apotheker bearb. und hrsg. von Theodor Christian Ellrodt. Bayreuth: J. A. Lbeck, 1798. GER url p. 187.
• Flora hibernica: comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Charace, Musci, Hepatic, Lichenes and Alg of Ireland: arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnan system / by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin: W. Curry jun., 1836. ENG url p. 58.
• Flora lipsiensis: sistens plantas in agris circuli Lipsici tam sponte nascentes quam frequentius cultas secundum systema sexuale revisum atque emendatum descriptas / a Ioanne Christiano Gottlob Baumgarten. Lipsiae: Impensis S. L. Crusii, 1790. LAT url p. 412.
• Flora melitensis nova [by] S. Sommier et A. Caruana Gatto. Firenze, Stabilimento Pellas, 1915. ITA url p. 134, p. 395, p. 449.
• Flora of Ann Arbor and vicinity. Ann Arbor, [Mich.]: Courier Steam Print. House, 1876. ENG url p. 92.
• Flora of Bermuda by Nathaniel Lord Britton New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1918. ENG url p. 179, p. 181.
• Flora of Burlington and vicinity; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation, by Nellie F. Flynn. Burlington, Free Press Printing Co., 1911. ENG url p. 55.
• Flora of Colorado, by P.A. Rydberg. Fort Collins, Col., Experiment Station, 1906. ENG url p. 200, p. 200, p. 201, p. 201.
• Flora of Costa Rica by Paul C. Standley Chicago, 1937. ENG url p. 558.
• Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. ENG url p. 150.
• Flora of Guatemala: families Leguminosae, Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, and Malpighiaceae / by Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1946. ENG url p. 298, p. 358, p. 360.
• Flora of Illinois, containing keys for the identification of the flowering plants and ferns, by George Neville Jones Notre Dame, Ind., The University Press, 1945. ENG url p. 162.
• Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. ENG url p. 595, p. 596.
• Flora of Jamaica, containing descriptions of the flowering plants known from the island, by William Fawcett and Alfred Barton Rendle. London.Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1910- ENG url p. 13.
• Flora of Nebraska; a list of the conifers and flowering plants of the state, with keys for their determination. [Lincoln, Neb., Printed by State Printing Co., 1912] ENG url p. 132.
• Flora of New Mexico / by E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Washington: G.P.O., 1915. ENG url p. 344, p. 345.
• Flora of Pennsylvania. Edited with the addition of analytical keys by John Kunkel Small. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1903. ENG url p. 184.
• Flora of Peru / by J. Francis Macbride. Chicago, [Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, [1943] ENG url p. 448, p. 452.
• Flora of Vermont; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. Prepared by Ezra Brainerd, L.R. Jones and W.W. Eggleston, committee for the Vermont botanical club. Burlington, Vt., Free Press Association, 1900. ENG url p. 56.
• Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 212, p. 212, p. 257, p. 257, p. 91.
• Flora of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho, by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New era printing company, 1914. ENG url p. 147.
• Flora of the Black Hills of South Dakota. By P.A. Rydberg. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1896. ENG url p. 490.
• Flora of the Indiana dunes, a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the lake Michigan Coast of Indiana and of the Calumet District, by Donald Culross Peattie. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. ENG url p. 235.
• Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio /c by A.P. Morgan. Dayton, Ohio: Literary Union, 1878. ENG url p. 16.
• Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. By Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. ENG url p. 220.
• Flora of the state of Washington. By Charles V. Piper. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1906. ENG url p. 358.
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• Flora von Nieder-�sterreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung s�mmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, h�ufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und F�hrer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 46, p. 53, p. 55, p. 846.
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• Flora von Pommern. Cslin, Hendess, 1828-1835. GER url p. 187.
• Flora von Schlesien, preussischen und �sterreichischen Antheils, oder, Vom oberen Oder- und Weichsel-Quellen-Gebiet. Nach nat�rlichen Familien, mit Hinweisung auf das Linn�ische System. Breslau, F. Hirt, 1857. GER url p. 659.
• Flora von Steiermark, eine systematische Bearbeitung der im Herzogtum Steiermark wildwachsenden oder im Grossen gebauten Farn- und Bl�tenpflanzen nebst einer pflanzengeographischen Schilderung des Landes. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1908-1956. GER url p. 1053.
• Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und h�esiger gebauten Gef�sspflanzen. Mit Ber�cksichtigung ihrer Verbreitung und �rtlichen Verh�ltnisse verfasst und nach Koch's Synopsis d von Frz. Freih. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1851. GER url p. 1418, p. 210.
• Flora's lexicon: an interpretation of the language and sentiment of flowers: with an outline of botany and a poetical introduction / by Catharine H. Waterman. Philadelphia: H. Hooker, 1840. ENG url p. 207.
• Floral emblems. By Henry Phillips. London, Saunders and Otley, 1825. ENG url p. 252.
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• Flore de la Suisse / par Hans Schinz et Robert Keller. Lausanne: F. Rouge, 1909. FRE url p. 339.
• Flore du grand-duch� de Luxembourg. Plantes phan�rogames. Par J.-H.-G. Krombach. Luxembourg, Joris, 1875. FRE url p. 123.
• Floristicka istrazivanja po jugoistocnoj hrvatskoj. U Zagrebu, Tisak Kr. Zemaljske Tiskare, 1915. SCR url p. 27.
• Florula bostoniensis. A collection of plants of Boston and its environs, with their generic and specific characters, synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and occasional remarks. Boston, Cummings and Hilliard, 1814. ENG url p. 168.
• Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres Mde. Gtheborg, etc., 1840-1925. MUL url p. 263, p. 264.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 5, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 10, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 10 providers.
• Heyn CC & Heller D 1991/1993 (from ILDIS).
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Roskov YR, 2000-11 (from ILDIS).
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)
• van der Maesen, LJG, 2001-03 (from ILDIS).

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Turku provider, Rosaceae and Fabaceae of Kevo region, Northern Finland

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3874446
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ILD-5540
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14176827
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:50104-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 300625
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 26206
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TRRE3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 66816

Footnotes

1. "Trifolium". in Flora of Pakistan Page 284. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Mean = 267.510 meters (877.657 feet), Standard Deviation = 402.560 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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