Trifolium arvense

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms:

1. Trifolium agrestinum Boreau
2. Trifolium arenivagum Boreau
3. Trifolium arvense subsp. gracile (Thuill.)Nyman
4. Trifolium brachyodon (Celak.)A.Kern.
5. Trifolium brittingeri Opiz
6. Trifolium capitulatum Pau
7. Trifolium eriocephalum Ledeb.
8. Trifolium gracile Thuill.
9. Trifolium longisetum Boiss. & Balansa

Notes:

Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Roskov Y.R., 2005-2006.

Physical Description

Family Fabaceae:

The Fabaceae are herbs, vines, shrubs, trees, and lianas found in both temperate and tropical areas. They comprise one of the largest families of flowering plants, numbering 630 genera and 18,000 species. The leaves are stipulate, nearly always alternate, and range from bipinnately or palmately compound to simple. The petiole base is commonly enlarged into a pulvinus that commonly functions in orientation of the leaves (sometimes very responsively, as in the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica). The flowers are usually bisexual, actinomorphic to zygomorphic, slightly to strongly perigynous, and commonly in racemes, spikes, or heads. The perianth commonly consists of a calyx and corolla of 5 segments each. The androecium consists of commonly 1- many stamens (most commonly 10), distinct or variously united, sometimes some of them reduced to staminodes. The pistil is simple, often stipitate, comprising a single style and stigma, and a superior ovary with one locule containing 2-many marginal ovules. The fruit is usually a legume, sometimes a samara, loment, follicle, indehiscent pod, achene, drupe, or berry. The seeds often have a hard coat with hourglass-shaped cells, and sometimes bear a u-shaped line called a pleurogram. [Carr]

Subfamily Faboideae:

Mostly herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves pinnate or palmate to trifoliolate or apparently simple. Corolla usually, showy, zygomorphic, the petals imbricate, posterior (upper or banner) petal outermost in bud. Stamens 10 or 9 + 1 (diadelphous), not showy. Pollen released in monads. Seeds with u-shaped line (pleurogram) lacking. [Carr]

Genus Trifolium:

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf trifoliolate, rarely (not in the local species) digitately 5-9-foliolate, leaflets mostly dentate; stipules adnate to petiole. Inflorescence a sessile or pedunculate head or short raceme or solitary. Bracts present or absent. Calyx variable, accrescent or inflated, teeth equal or unequal. Corolla pink, red to purple, white or yellow, persistent. Stamens diadelphous, 9+1, vexillary stamens free, anthers uniform. Ovary with few ovules, style incurved, stigma capitate. Fruit usually included in calyx, often indehiscent, 1-2 (-12) -seeded.

A genus with about 300 species, distributed in temperate regions with centres of distribution in the Mediterranean region, Ethiopia, California and Chile; locally represented by 8 species, including 4 introduced species.^[1]

Flowers: Bloom Period: April, May, June, July, August. • Flower Color: mauve, pale pink, rose

Images:

Distribution

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun.

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Similar Species

Members of the genus Trifolium:

There are approximately 1,164 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them: T. alexandrinum vavilovii · T. andersonii beatlcyae · T. angustifolium desvauxii · T. angustifolium pamphylicum · T. badium rivularc · T. echinatum carmelii · T. echinatum serrulatum · T. fragilerum pulchellum · T. gemellum atlanticum · T. longipes oreganum · T. longipes pedunculatum · T. lupinaster pacificum · T. lupinaster popovii · T. medium eriocalycinum · T. michelianum balansae · T. noricum praetulianum · T. pannonicum jurkovskii · T. phleoides willkommii · T. pratense sativum · T. pratense semipurpureum · T. pratense serotinum · T. purpureum desvauxii · T. repens giganteum · T. repens macrorrhizum · T. repens occidentale · T. repens repens · T. resupinatum suaveolens · T. roussaeanum dichroanthum · T. rytidosemium rivulare · T. scabrum lucanicum · T. squamosum xatardii · T. stellatum adpressum · T. stellatum longiflotum · T. striatum tenuiflorum · T. tomentosum bullatum · T. tomentosum macrosphaerum · T. trichocephalum armenium · T. trichocephalum parantzemae · T. trichocephalum sarikamischense · T. vesiculosum mutabile · T. 'White Bunnies' · T. 0~0~0~0~con · T. abbreviatum · T. absadami · T. abyssinicum · T. acaule · T. acutiflorum · T. adulterinum · T. aff. buckwestiorum · T. affine · T. africanum (African Clover) · T. aintabense · T. alatum · T. albapurpureum · T. albiceps · T. albidum · T. albiflorum · T. albopupureum · T. albopurpureaum · T. albopurpureum (Rancheria Clover) · T. albopurpureum f. argillorum · T. album · T. alexandrinum · T. alexandrinum serotinum · T. alexandrinum var. madarensae · T. alexandrinum var. serotinum · T. alexandrinus · T. alopecuroides · T. alpestre · T. alpestre f. bicefala · T. alpestre f. heterofoliolata · T. alpestre f. monostachyum · T. alpestre var. alpestre · T. alpestre var. davidovii · T. alpestre var. durmitoreum · T. alpestre var. parvifolium · T. alpestre var. trinervia · T. alpicola · T. alpicolum · T. alpinum (Alpen Klee) · T. alsadamii · T. amabile (Aztec Clover) · T. amabile var. amabile · T. amabile var. hemsleyi · T. amabile var. longifoliolum · T. amabile var. longifolium · T. amabile var. mexicanum · T. amabile var. pedicellaris · T. amabile var. pentlandii · T. amani · T. ambiguum (Caucasian Clover) · T. ambile · T. ambiquum · T. amplectens truncatum · T. ampulescens · T. andersonii (Fiveleaf Clover) · T. andersonii beatleyae · T. andersonii beatleyae var. beatleyae · T. andersonii f. monoense · T. andersonii monoense

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Notes

Contributors:

• BioSystematic Database of World Diptera, 7.0, 2005.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/]. Access date: Nov 23, 2005
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 19, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed September 17, 2007.
• Fautin, Daphne G. (from Hexacorallians of the World).
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 24, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• Hexacorallians of the World 2001.
• Home of the Xylariaceae 2006.
• ILDIS World Database of Legumes, 10, Nov 2005
• ILDIS World Database of LegumesNov 10, 2005.
• Lewis GP, 1994/1995 (from ILDIS).
• Light, Kris. East Tennessee Wildflowers
• Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Accessed March 01, 2006. www.iobis.org
• Parhost World Database of FleasNov 2, 2005.
• Podlech D, 1996 (from ILDIS).
• Rhytismatales database 2006.
• Rico ML, 1994 (from ILDIS World Database of Legumes).
• Species Fungorum 2006.
• Stirton CH, 2001-06 (from ILDIS).
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• The Virtual Field Herbarium.

Data Sources:

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
• GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI), The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the StoÅ‚owe Mts.
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• SysTax, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• US National Plant Germplasm System, United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU

Identifiers:

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13623913
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:165874-3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 898342

Footnotes:

1. "Trifolium". in Flora of Pakistan Page 284. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.