Trapa natans (Water Chestnut, Water Nut)

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Chinese:

Ci Ling, Ou Ling, Si Jiao Ling (As T Quadrispinosa), Ye Ling

Common Names in Danish:

Hornnød, Vandkastanje

Common Names in Dutch:

Waterkastanje, Waternoot

Common Names in English:

Bull Nut, Bull Nut (Usa), Bull-Nut, European Water Chestnut, Jesuit´s Nut, Jesuits´ Nut, Ling Nut, Water Caltrop, Water Chestnut, Water Chestnut, Water Nut, Water Nut, Water-Chestnut

Common Names in Finnish:

Vesipähkinä

Common Names in French:

Châtaigne D´eau, Châtaigne D´eau à Quatre Cornes (As T Quadrispinosa), Châtaigne D´eau Européenne, Châtaigne D´eau Tetracorne (As T Quadrispinosa), Cornelle, Corniche (Canada), Cornue, Mâcre Commune, Marron D´eau, Noix Aquatique, Trape, Trape D´eau (Canada)

Common Names in German:

Wasserkastanie, Wassernuß

Common Names in Hungarian:

Sulyom

Common Names in Italian:

Castagna D´acqua, Castagna D'acqua, Trapa, Tribolo Acquatico

Common Names in Japanese:

Ko Oni Bishi, Oni Bishi, Oni-Bisi

Common Names in Norwegian:

Vassnøtt

Common Names in Polish:

Kotewka, Orzech Wodny

Common Names in Portuguese:

Castanha D´água

Common Names in Romanian:

Cornaci

Common Names in Russian:

орецх водяной, Orech Vodianoi, Orech Vodjanoj, Vodianoi Orekh Plavaiushchii

Common Names in Spanish:

Abrojo De Agua, Castaña De Agua

Common Names in Swedish:

Sjönöt

Common Names in Thai:

Kra Chom, Ma Ngaeng

Description

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Family Trapaceae

Herbs annual , aquatic , rooted or floating. Stem submerged, slender, unbranched, internodes elongate ; adventitious roots developing from leaf scars , highly dissected , leaflike, photosynthetic. Leaves dimorphic ; stipules deeply cleft ; submerged leaves opposite, sessile, simple , linear , caducous ; floating leaves crowded terminally into a rosette, petiolate ; petiole inflated about the middle ; leaf blade rhombic to deltoid, distal half of margin coarsely dentate . Flowers solitary in upper leaf axils , flowering at water surface, bisexual , 4-merous, actinomorphic . Floral tube (hypanthium) developed, partly epigynous . Sepals 4, valvate , persistent as hardened horns of fruit. Petals 4, white or lilac, deciduous. Stamens 4, antesepalous ; anthers introrse , versatile. Ovary surrounded by a coronary disk, partly inferior, becoming inferior in fruit, 2-loculed; ovules anatropous , pendulous, 1 per locule, 1 ovule undeveloped after anthesis ; placentation axile . Stigma capitate, deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, (0-) 2-4-horned, turbinate , cup-shaped, or elongate rhombic, exocarp succulent, ephemeral , endocarp stony, with a thin to prominent crest between and along horns, fruit topped by a dome-shaped or tetragonal to rounded crown, crown apex a pointed beak or tuft of hairs . Seed 1; cotyledons unequal, 1 large, starchy, retained in fruit, 1 small, scalelike, germinating from fruit apex, through pore of stylar canal; endosperm absent.

One genus and two species: subtropical and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe; introduced in Australia and North America; two species in China.

Trapa is allied morphologically to the Lythraceae by the partly inferior position of the ovary together with a host of other features, including basically opposite, simple leaves, development of the floral tube which persists in fruit, valvate sepals, 4-merous flowers, introrse and versatile anthers, axile placentation , and seeds without endosperm. Trapa is sufficiently similar to the Lythraceae and Onagraceae to have been considered for membership within either family or, as has been done here, as a closely related family. Molecular evidence suggests the closest relative is Sonneratia (Lythraceae) .[1]

Genus Trapa

Morphological characters and geographic distribution are the same as those of the family .

Numerous species and infraspecific taxa have been proposed based on variations in size and ornamentation of the fruit. However, these variations overlap to such an extent that a more discrete definition of taxa is not supported here.

Plants are regionally cultivated for their fruit, which contain abundant starch and are consumed both raw and cooked. The seeds are ground into a flour used for medicine and making starch and wine. The fruit and fresh plants can be used for pig feed .[2]

Physical Description

Species Trapa natans

Stem 2.5-6 mm in diam. Petiole (2-) 5-18 cm, stout, ± swollen distally, pubescent ; leaf blade glossy and dark green adaxially, greenish purple abaxially, often with colored spots between veins, deltoid-rhombic to oblate-rhombic, 4-6 × 4-8 cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin irregularly dentate distally. Petals white, 7-10 mm. Fruit turbinate to shortly rhombic , 1.8-3 × 2-4.5 × 1-2.8 cm, (0-) 2-4-horned, crest a prominent bulge to a thin rib , crown tetragonal to rounded , or dome-shaped, rarely crownless, 1-8(-11) mm, beak conic or a tuft of hairs ; horns horizontal, ascending , or recurved, flat-triangular or broadly conic, 2-3.5 cm, apex barbellate or cultivated without barbs . Fl. May-Oct, fr. Jul-Nov. 2n = 44*, 46*, 48*, 76*, 90*, ?96. [source]

In FRPS (53(2) : 7, 9. 2000), the names Trapa macropoda Miki, T. mammillifera Miki, and T. octotuberculata Miki, all of which are based on fossil types, were misapplied to plants of T. natans. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Flower Color: near white, white

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 24-36" tall.

Habitat

Slow-moving rivers , lakes , swamps , ponds , also widely cultivated in China; near sea level to 2700 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 869 meters (0 to 2,851 feet).[4]

Biome: National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII)

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Magnoliopsida () - Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Myrtanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Myrtales () - Reichenbach, 1828
        Suborder: Trapineae ()
        Family: Trapaceae () - Dumortier, 1829 - Water Chestnut Family
        Subfamily: Asteroideae ()
        Tribe: Coreopsideae ()
        Genus: Trapa () - Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 120. 1753. - Water Chestnut
        Specific epithet: natans - Thunb.
        Botanical name: - Trapa natans

Notes

Publishing author : Roxb. Publication : Hort. Bengal. 11; Fl. Ind. i. 428. Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Place of publication: Sp. pl. 1:120. 1753

Name verified on 07-Nov-1985 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 23-Aug-1994

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Trapa

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 121 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 16, p. 37.
Fauna och flora: populr tidskrift fr biologi. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1906-1967; SWE url p. 47.
Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. ENG url p. 42, p. 43.
Flora Berolinensis, sive, Enumeratio plantarum circa Berolinum sponte crescentium secundum familias naturales disposita / auctore Carolo Sigismundo Kunth. Berolini: Duncker et Humblot, 1838. LAT url p. 170.
Flora Bulgarica: descriptio et enumeratio systematica plantarum vascularium in Principatu Bulgariae sponte nascentium. auctore J. Velenovsk�. Pragae: F. Rivn�c, 1898. GER url p. 108.
Flora Halensis; exhibens plantas circa Halam Salicam crescentes secundum systema sexuale Linnaeanum distributas. Halae Salicae, Sumtibus auctoris, 1761. LAT url p. 25.
Flora Helvetica: exhibens plantas Helvetiae indigenas Hallerianas, et omnes quae nuper detectae sunt ordine Linnaeano / curavit Johann Rudolf Suter. Turici: Impensis Orell, Fuesli, 1802. LAT url p. 347, p. 95.
Flora Indica, or, Descriptions of Indian plants / by the late William Roxburgh. Serampore: Printed for W. Thacker, 1832. ENG url p. 428.
Flora Indica; or, Descriptions of Indian plants, by the late William Roxburgh. Edited by Dr. William Carey; to which are added descriptions of plants more recently discovered by Dr. Nathaniel Wallich. Serampore, Printed at the Mission Press, 1820-24. ENG url p. 449.
Flora Italica; sistens plantas in Italia et in insulis circumstantibus sponte nascentes. Bononiae, R. Masi, 1833-1854. LAT url p. 202.
Flora Lusatica, oder, Verzeichniss und Beschreibung der in der Ober- und Niederlausitz wildwachsenden und hufig cultivirten Pflanzen, von L. Rabenhorst. Leipzig, E. Kummer, 1839-1840. GER url p. 48.
Flora Rossica; sive, Enumeratio plantarum in totius Imperii Rossici provinciis Europaeis, Asiaticis et Americanis hucusque observatarum, auctore Carolo Friderico a Ledebour. Stuttgartiae, Sumptibus Librariae E. Schweizerbart, 1842-1853. LAT url p. 114.
Flora Saxonica. Die Flora von Sachsen, ein botanisches Excursionsbuch. Nebst Schlssel zum erleichterten Bestimmen der Gattungen nach Linnee's Sexualsystem und deutschem und lateinischem Register. Hrsg. von H. G. L. Reichenbach. DresdenIn der Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, 1842. GER url p. 352.
Flora Veneta, seu Enumeratio plantarum circa Venetiam nascentium, secundum methodum Linnanam disposita / auctore Stephano Moricand. Vol. I. Genev: Ex Typ. J.J. Paschoud, 1820. LAT url p. 93.
Flora de las islas Baleares, seguida de un diccionario de los nombres baleares, castellanos y bot�nicos, de las plantas espont�neas y de las cultivadas. Palma, Estab. tip. de P.J. Gelabert, 1870-1881. SPA url p. 619.
Flora del Modenese e del Reggiano / dei Professori G. Gibelli e R. Pirotta. Modena: Tip. di G.T. Vincenzi, 1882. ITA url p. 65.
Flora der Schweiz, von Joh. Hegetschweiler. Fortgesetzt und hrsg. von Osw. Heer. Zrich, F. Schulthess, 1840. GER url p. 133.
Flora der Stadt Lemberg: oder Beschreibung, der um Lemberg wildwachsenden Pflanzen, nach ihrer Blthezeit geordnet / von Alexander Zawadski. Lemberg: Kuhn und Millikowski, 1836. GER url p. 61.
Flora der Umgegend von Hamburg. Hamburg, Meissner, 1846. GER url p. 142.
Flora der Umgegend von Neuhaldensleben: ein Verzeichniss der hier wachsenden Pflanzen, deren Beschreibung, Standort und Bltheqeit / hrsg. von H. Robolsky. Neuhaldensleben: [s.n.], 1843. GER url p. 157.
Flora der deutschen ostseeprovinzen Esth-, Liv- und Kurland, bearbeitet von Joh. Gottlieb Fleischer. Hrsg. von Emanuel Lindemann. Mitau, G. A. Reyher, 1839. GER url p. 374, p. 63.
Flora italiana; ossia, Descrizione delle piante che crescono spontanee o vegetano come tali in Italia e nelle isole ad essa aggaicenti; disposta secondo il metodo naturale. Firenze, Tip. Le Monnier, 1848-1896. ITA url p. 16.
Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 408, p. 53, p. 644, p. 649.
Flora piacentina; ossia, Enumerazione sistematica delle piante della provincia di Piacenza, coll'indicazione delle loro stazioni, dei caratteri principali di ciascuna famiglia, dei nomi italiani, di quelli del dialetto Piacenza, Tip. F. Solari, 1877. ITA url p. 145, p. 43.
Flora von Bern; systematische Uebersicht der in der Gegend von Bern wildwachsenden und allgemein cultivirten Phanerogamen und Gef�sskryptogamen, von L. Fischer. Bern, Huber, 1888. GER url p. 179.
Flora von Nieder-�sterreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung s�mmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, h�ufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und F�hrer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 696, p. 697.
Flora von Nieder�sterreich. Zum Gebrauche auf Excursionen und zum Selbstunterricht bearbeitet von Eugen von Hal�csy. Prag, F. Tempsky, 1896. GER url p. 202.
Flora von Pommern. Cslin, Hendess, 1828-1835. GER url p. 316.
Flora von Schlesien, preussischen und �sterreichischen Anteils. Bearbeitet von Theodor Schube. Breslau, Korn, 1904. GER url p. 282.
Flora von Steiermark, eine systematische Bearbeitung der im Herzogtum Steiermark wildwachsenden oder im Grossen gebauten Farn- und Bl�tenpflanzen nebst einer pflanzengeographischen Schilderung des Landes. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1908-1956. GER url p. 1105, p. 1129.
Flora von Steiermark: systematische �bersicht der in Steiermark wildwachsenden und allgemein gebauten bl�henden Gew�chse und Farne: mit Angabe der Standorte, der Bl�tezeit und Dauer / aus dem Nachlasse von Josef Karl Maly. Wien: Wilhelm Braum�ller, 1868. GER url p. 234.
Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und h�esiger gebauten Gef�sspflanzen. Mit Ber�cksichtigung ihrer Verbreitung und �rtlichen Verh�ltnisse verfasst und nach Koch's Synopsis d von Frz. Freih. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1851. GER url p. 1327, p. 1329.
Flora von Wien; eine Aufz�hlung der in den Umgebungen Wiens wild wachsenden oder im grossen gebauten Gef�sspflanzen, nebst einer pflanzen-geografischen Uebersicht. Wien, F. Beck, 1868. GER url p. 322, p. 337.
Florae Graecae prodromus; sive Plantarum omnium enumeratio, quas in provinciis aut insulis Graeciae invenit Johannes Sibthorp. Hic illic etiam insertae sunt pauculae species quas vir idem Graeciam versus navigans, in itinere, praesertim apud Italiam e Londini, Typis Richardi Taylor, veneunt apud J. White, 1806-13. LAT url p. 104.
Florae Romanae prodromus alter: exhibens plantas vasculares circa Romam in Cisapenninis pontificiae dictionis provinciis in Umbria et Piceno sponte venientes: secundum sexuale systema dispositas / a Petro Sanguinetti. Romae: Ex Typographeo Bonarum Artium, 1864. LAT url p. 133.
Flore de Paris, genera et species, ou, Premire application faite du nouveau systme floral aux plantes vivantes. Paris, Casimir, 1835. FRE url p. 35.
Flore de la C�te-d'Or: avec d�terminations par les parties souterraines / par Ch. Royer. Paris: F. Savy, 1881-1883. FRE url p. 189, p. 688.
Flore de la Suisse / par Hans Schinz et Robert Keller. Lausanne: F. Rouge, 1909. FRE url p. 399.
Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres Mde. Gtheborg, etc., 1840-1925. MUL url p. 473.
F�hrer zu den wissenschaftlichen Exkursionen des II. Internationalen Botanischen Kongresses, Wien, 1905. Wien: Selbstverlage des Organisationskomitees, 1905. GER url p. 54, p. 61.
Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 112, p. 140, p. 142, p. 667, p. 8, p. 97.
General catalogue of the Hemiptera. Northhampton, Mass., Smith College, 1927-71. ENG url p. 9.
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Haandbog i den danske flora, af Joh. Lange. Kj�benhavn, C.A. Reitzels forlag, 1864. DAN url p. 124, p. 13, p. 714.
Handbuch der systematischen botanik, mit besonderer ber�cksichtigung der arzneipflanzen. Bd. 1. Leipzig, H. Haessel, 1879. GER url p. 132, p. 808.
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Heredity and evolution in plants, by C. Stuart Gager with 113 illustrations. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1920. ENG url p. 226, p. 227.
Hoffmann-Dennert botanischer Bilderatlas, nach dem naturlichen Pflanzensystem Suttgart, Schweizerbart, 1911. GER url p. 34.
Horticulteur belge, journal des jardiniers et amateurs. Bruxelles, 1833-1838. FRE url p. 273, p. 5.
I. Oberplioc�ne Flora und Fauna des Untermaintales, insbesondere des Frankfurter Kl�rbeckens. II. Unterdiluviale Flora von Hainstadt a. M. Beschrieben von H. Engelhardt und F. Kinkelin. Frankfurt a. M., Im Selbstverlage der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 1908. GER url p. 303.
Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae, simul Pedemontanae, Tirolensis, Istriacae, Dalmaticae, Austriacae, Hungaricae, Transylvanicae, Moravicae, Borussicae, Holsaticae, Belgicae, Hollandicae, ergo Me Iconographia et supplementum ad opera Willdenowii [et Lipsiae, F. Hofmeister [etc.]1834-1912. [v. 1, 1850] LAT url p. 26.
Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam: or, Icones of the plants of Formosa, and materials for a flora of the island, based on a study of the collections of the Botanical survey of the Government of Formosa / By B. H Taihoku: Bureau of Productive Industry, Government of Formosa, 1911-1921. ENG url p. 156.
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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 15, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 17 providers.
National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
"Trapa natans". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 290, 291. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 15, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
European Environment Agency, EUNIS
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
NLBIF, Limnodata
National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Herbarium Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2651131
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-27170
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14098067
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:614406-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 36824
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 27170
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 614406-1
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TRNAN
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 10706

Footnotes

Jiarui Chen, Bingyang Ding & Michele Funston "Trapaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Trapa". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 274, 290. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Trapa natans". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 290, 291. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 275.980 meters (905.446 feet), Standard Deviation = 328.150 based on 421 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Trapa natans

Common Names

Description

Family Trapaceae

Genus Trapa

Physical Description

Species Trapa natans

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Trapa

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes