Tiarella trifoliata

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Saxifragaceae

Herbs or shrubs , rarely trees or vines . Leaves simple or compound , usually alternate or opposite, usually exstipulate . Flowers usually in cymes, panicles, or racemes , rarely solitary, usually bisexual , rarely unisexual , hypogynous or ± epigynous , rarely perigynous, usually biperianthial, rarely monochlamydeous , actinomorphic , rarely zygomorphic, 4- or 5(-10) -merous. Sepals sometimes petal-like. Petals usually free , sometimes absent. Stamens (4 or) 5-10 or many; filaments free; anthers 2-loculed; staminodes often present. Carpels 2, rarely 3-5(-10), usually ± connate ; ovary superior or semi-inferior to inferior, 2- or 3-5(-10) -loculed with axile placentation , or 1-loculed with parietal placentation , rarely with apical placentation; ovules usually many, 2- to many seriate , crassinucellate or tenuinucellate , sometimes with transitional forms; integument 1- or 2-seriate; styles free or ± connate. Fruit a capsule or berry, rarely a follicle or drupe. Seeds albuminous , rarely not so; albumen of cellular type, rarely of nuclear type; embryo small.

About 80 genera and 1200 species: worldwide; 29 genera (two endemic), and 545 species (354 endemic, seven introduced ) in China.

During the past several years, cladistic analyses of morphological, chemical, and DNA data have made it clear that the recognition of the Saxifragaceae sensu lato (Engler, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 18a: 74-226. 1928) is untenable. Among the angiosperm families, Saxifragaceae sensu lato may in fact represent the most extreme example of a polyphyletic assemblage . For example, recent analyses of DNA sequence data indicate that these taxa represent at least ten separate evolutionary lines , many of which are only distantly related to one another (Morgan & Soltis, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 631-660. 1993; Soltis & Soltis, Amer. J. Bot. 84: 504-522. 1997) . Furthermore, very large molecular phylogenetic analyses of hundreds of angiosperms indicate that these separate lineages are distributed among four of the six traditionally recognized subclasses of dicotyledons (Savolainen et al. , Syst. Biol. 49: 306-362. 2000; Soltis et al., Nature 402: 402-404. 1999) . These recent studies have also greatly clarified how this phylogenetically diverse assemblage should be divided into families and treated taxonomically (see The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 531-553. 1998) . Recent studies of DNA sequence data have clarified both the circumscription and affinities of a narrowly defined Saxifragaceae (Saxifragaceae sensu stricto) and Hydrangeaceae (Soltis et al., Amer. J. Bot. 82: 504-514. 1995; Savolainen et al., loc. cit. ; Soltis et al., loc. cit. 1999) . Saxifragaceae sensu stricto should consist only of Saxifragoideae, a group of about 30 herbaceous genera. Members of Saxifragaceae sensu stricto from the Chinese flora include Astilbe, Astilboides, Bergenia, Chrysosplenium, Mitella, Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tanakaea, Tiarella, and the recently described Saniculiphyllum. Close relatives of Saxifragaceae sensu stricto include Itea, Penthorum, and Ribes. These genera, the sole members of Iteoideae, Penthoroideae, and Ribesioideae, respectively, are also best treated in separate families: Iteaceae, Penthoraceae, and Grossulariaceae (see APG, loc. cit.) . These taxa, as well as several others, such as Crassulaceae, are basal to a large assemblage of taxa, most of which were traditionally placed in Rosidae . Sequence data also indicate that Parnassia (the sole member of the Parnassioideae) is a more derived member of the rosid alliance , most closely related to Brexia and Lepuropetalon (also part of Saxifragaceae sensu lato) and Celastraceae. Parnassia and Lepuropetalon should be placed in Parnassiaceae with Brexia part of an expanded Celastraceae (APG, loc. cit.) .

Both morphological and molecular data indicate that Hydrangeoideae and Escallonioideae are, in contrast, allied with taxa traditionally placed in Asteridae. Hydrangeoideae are a well-defined, monophyletic lineage that should be treated as Hydrangeaceae. In China they include Cardiandra, Decumaria, Deinanthe, Deutzia, Dichroa, Hydrangea, Kirengeshoma, Philadelphus, Pileostegia, Platycrater, and Schizophragma, and are closely allied with families such as Cornaceae, Loasaceae, and Nyssaceae. Escallonioideae appear to be polyphyletic, and this group of approximately 14 genera is in need of thorough study. Members of this subfamily are allied with several different lineages of higher asterids. Polyosma, the only member of Escallonioideae in China, appears closely allied with Caprifoliaceae (Xiang & Soltis in Boufford & Ohba, Sino-Japanese Flora: its Characteristics and Diversification, 1998) .[1]

Genus Tiarella

Herbs perennial . Rhizome short, slender. Leaves mainly basal, cauline ones few, small; stipules small; leaf blade simple and trilobed or subtrifoliolate. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle, simple or sparsely branched; bracts small. Flowers small; hypanthium adnate to ovary at base . Sepals 5, usually petaloid . Petals 5, sometimes absent. Stamens 10, visible above corolla. Carpels 2, connate basally; ovary 1-loculed; placentation parietal ; styles 2, slender, elongate . Fruit a capsule; carpels unequal, one ca. 1/2 as long as the other. Seeds few, black, small, smooth .

Three species: one in China, the Himalayas, and Japan and one each in E and W North America: one species in China.

The two North American species are more closely related to each other than to either of the Asian species.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Groundcover. Woodland gardens. • Care: Requires moderately fertile soil.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,174 meters (0 to 7,133 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Prefers rich, moist organic soil. Prefers a pH of 5.6-6.8. • Minimum pH: 6.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Water regularly, but do not overwater. Dry slightly between waterings.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : James Publication : Cat. 181; ex S. Wats. Bibliog. Ind. Bot. N. Am. 325

Similar Species

Members of the genus Tiarella

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 54 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

T. cordifolia (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia collina (Heartleaf Foamflower) · T. cordifolia var. austrina (Heartleaf Foamflower) · T. cordifolia var. collina (Heartleaf Foamflower) · T. cordifolia var. collina'Oakleaf' (Foam Flower) · T. cordifolia var. cordifolia (Heartleaf Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Brandywine' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Dark Eyes' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Eco Rambling Silhouette' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Eco Red Heart' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Elizabeth Oliver' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Jeepers Creepers' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Rambling Tapestry' (Rambling Tapestry Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Running Tapestry' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Slickrock' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia'Spring Symphony' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. cordifolia 'Tiger Stripe' (Allegheny Foamflower) · T. polyphylla (Foam Flower) · T. trifoliata (Foam Flower) · T. trifoliata unifoliata (Threeleaf Foamflower) · T. trifoliata var. laciniata (Threeleaf Foamflower) · T. trifoliata var. trifoliata (Threeleaf Foamflower) · T. trifoliata var. unifoliata (Oneleaf Foamflower) · T. wherryi 'Heronswood Mist' (Heronswood Mist Foam Flower) · T. x 'Neon Lights' (Neon Lights Foam Flower) · T. x 'Pink Skyrocket' (Pink Skyrocket Foam Flower) · T. 'Black Snowflake' (Foamflower) · T. 'Black Velvet' (Foamflower) · T. 'Brandywine' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Butterfly Wings' (Butterfly Wings Foam Flower) · T. 'Candy Striper' (Foamflower) · T. 'Crow Feather' (Foamflower) · T. 'Cygnet' (Foamflower) · T. 'Dark Star' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Dunvegan' (Foam Flower) · T. 'George Shenk Pink' (Foamflower) · T. 'Heronswood Mist' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Inkblot' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Iron Butterfly' (Foamflower) · T. 'Mint Chocolate' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Neon Lights' (Foamflower) · T. 'Ninja' (Foamflower) · T. 'Pink Bouquet' (Foamflower) · T. 'Pink Brushes' (Foamflower) · T. 'Pink Pearls' (Foamflower) · T. 'Pink Skyrocket' (Foamflower) · T. 'Pirate's Patch' (Pirate's Patch Foamflower) · T. 'Running Tiger' (Running Tiger Foam Flower) · T. 'Sea Foam' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Spanish Cross' (Spanish Cross Foamflower) · T. 'Starfish' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Stargazer Mercury' (Foamflower) · T. 'Stargazer Venus' (Foam Flower) · T. 'Sugar and Spice' (Foam Flower)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A flora of northwest America containing brief descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing without cultivation north of California, west of Utah, and south of British Columbia / Portland, Or.: [s.n.], 1901. url .
• A flora of northwest America, containing brief descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing without cultivation north of California, west of Utah, and south of British Columbia. Portland, Or., 1903. url .
• A flora of northwest America: containing brief descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing without cultivation north of California, west of Utah, and south of British Columbia / by Thomas Howell. Vol. 1, Phanerogamae. Portland, Or.: [s.n.], 1903. url p. 202, p. 202.
• A popular California flora: or, manual of botany for beginners. ..: to which is added an analytical key to West Coast botany. .. / by Volney Rattan. San Francisco: Bancroft, 1888. url p. 56.
• An illustrated flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford University, Stanford University Press, 1923-[60] url p. 371, p. 373.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 447, p. 447.
• Arctic zoology London: Printed by Henry Hughes, 1784. url .
• Arctic zoology. .. London: Printed by Henry Hughs, 1784-1785. url p. CXV.
• Bartonia;proceedings of the Philadelphia botanical club. .. 1946 Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, Academy of Natural Sciences. url p. 17, p. 91.
• Bering's voyages: an account of the efforts of the Russians to determine the relation of Asia and America / by F. A. Golder. New York: American Geographical Society, 1922-25. url p. 238.
• Bibliographical index to North American botany; or, Citations of authorities for all the recorded indigenous and naturalized species of the flora of North America, with a chronological arrangement of the synonymy. by Sereno Watson. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1878. url , p. 349.
• Botany of Yakutat Bay, Alaska / by Frederick Vernon Coville; with a field report by Frederick Funston. Washington: GPO, 1895 [i.e. 1896] url , .
• Botany. Cambridge, Mass., Welch, Bigelow, University Press, 1876-80. url p. 199.
• Britton, N. L. (ed.). North American flora. 22 1905 [New York]New York Botanical Garden. url p. 111, p. 118, p. 119, p. 536.
• Brooklyn Botanic Garden record. 19 1930 [Brooklyn]: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1912-44. url p. 9.
• Budd's flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces / [Ottawa]: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1987. url p. 435.
• Bulletin / University of Montana. Missoula: University of Montana, 1901-1910. url p. 33.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 19 1892 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870-1996 url p. 183, p. 58, p. 72.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902- url p. 219, p. 387.
• Catalogue of Canadian plants. .. Montreal [etc.]1883-1902. url , , , p. 156, p. 156, p. 322, p. 322, p. 526, p. 526.
• Chronological history of plants: man's record of his own existence illustrated through their names, uses, and companionship. Boston, Little, Brown & company, 1879. url .
• Conservation assessment of sensitive moonworts (Ophioglossaceae; Botrychium subgenus Botrychium) on the Kootenai National Forest / Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1997. url , , , , .
• Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 11 1906 Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1890- url p. 317, p. 330, p. 340, p. 352, p. 610.
• Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium. 11 1973 Ann Arbor: University Herbarium, University of Michigan, 1939- url p. 137.
• Flora boreali-Americana, or, The botany of the northern parts of British America compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. to which are added (by permission of by Sir William Jackson Hooker. London: H.G. Bohn, 1840. url .
• Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. [Ottawa: Queen's Printer], 1968-. url p. 390, p. 391, p. 593, p. 79, p. 85, p. 86, p. 89, p. 94.
• Flora of the northwest coast, including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon. Lancaster, Pa., Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915. url , .
• Flora of the northwest coast: including the area west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, from the forty-ninth parallel south to the Calapooia Mountains on the south border of Lane County, Oregon / by Charles V. Piper and R. Kent Beattie. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New era printing company, 1915. url p. 194.
• Flora of the state of Washington / by Charles V. Piper. Washington: G.P.O., 1906 url p. 317.
• Hooker, W. J. Botanical miscellany. London: J. Murray, 1830-1833. url p. 203, p. 203.
• Inventory of plants, plant communities and herpetofauna of concern in the vicinity of the Snow-Talon burn, Helena National Forest / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2005. url .
• Irish gardening. Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922 url p. 184.
• Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany. 7 1864 London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts: ||Williams and Norgate, 1857-1864. url p. 134.
• Muhlenbergia. Chico, Calif. [etc] url p. 150.
• National list of scientific plant names. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982- url p. 411.
• North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 15.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 480, p. 481, p. 94.
• Plant indicators: the relation of plant communities to process and practice. WashingtonCarnegie Institution of Washington1920 url p. 219, p. 387.
• Postelsia: the year book of the Minnesota Seaside Station. St. Paul, Minn.: Pioneer Press, 1902-1906. url p. 55.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 84, p. 84.
• Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co., 1846-1958 url p. 383, p. 679.
• Report for the year - British Columbia Provincial Museum. [Victoria]; Printed by A. Sutton [etc.], for the Queen. url .
• Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the secretary of war, in 1853-[6]. .. Washington, A.O.P. Nicholson, Printer [etc.]1855-60. url p. 62.
• Sensitive plant surveys in the Bull River and adjacent drainages, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Kootenai National Forest, Montana / prepared by Lisa Ann Schassberger and J. Stephen Shelly. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1990]. url p. 59.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 15 1878 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 349.
• Status review of Botrychium minganense, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Lolo National Forest / prepared by Peter L. Achuff. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1992]. url p. 20, p. 21, p. 6.
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 36, p. 37, p. 45, p. 46.
• The American journal of science. 23 (2) 1857 New Haven, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. url p. 371.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 107, p. 373, p. 377, p. 403, p. 460, p. 461, p. 462, p. 476, p. 504, p. 647, p. 649, p. 650, p. 788.
• The Canadian naturalist and quarterly journal of science: with proceedings of the Natural History Society of Montreal. Montreal: Dawson, 1869-1883. url p. 94.
• The Canadian record of science. Montreal, Natural History Society. url p. 183.
• The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] url p. 355, p. 440.
• The flora of Canada, by J. M. Macoun and M. O. Malte. Ottawa: Government printing bureau, 1917. url p. 13.
• Third American edition of the British encyclopedia, or Dictionary of arts and sciences: comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge / by William Nicholson. Philadelphia: Mitchell, Ames and White, 1818. url .
• Zoe:a biological journal. 2 1891 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. url p. 263.
• Hwang Shu-mei, Wei Chao-fen, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih &
• Hwang Shu-mei, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 35(1): 1-406.
• Jin Shu-ying. 1995. Saxifragaceae (2) [Parnassioideae, Hydrangeoideae, Escallonioideae, Iteoideae, Ribesioideae]. In: Lu Ling-ti &
• Pan Jin-tang. 1992. Saxifragaceae (1) [Penthoroideae, Saxifragoideae]. In: Pan Jin-tang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 34(2): 1-309
• Hwang Shu-mei, Wei Chao-fen, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih & Jin Shu-ying. 1995. Saxifragaceae (2) [Parnassioideae, Hydrangeoideae, Escallonioideae, Iteoideae, Ribesioideae]. In: Lu Ling-ti & Hwang Shu-mei, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 35(1): 1-406.
• Pan Jin-tang. 1992. Saxifragaceae (1) [Penthoroideae, Saxifragoideae]. In: Pan Jin-tang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 34(2): 1-309

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 30, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 28, 2007:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2649812
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-24531
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13742924
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:794903-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 448018
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 24531
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 794902-1
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TITRU
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 66016

Footnotes

1. Jin-tang Pan, Cuizhi Gu, Shumei Huang, Chao-fen Wei, Shu-ying Jin, Lingdi Lu, Shinobu Akiyama, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, James Cullen, Richard J. Gornall, Ulla-Maj Hultgård, Hideaki Ohba & Douglas E. Soltis "Saxifragaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 269. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Pan Jintang, Douglas E. Soltis "Tiarella". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 344. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 720.830 meters (2,364.928 feet), Standard Deviation = 636.110 based on 505 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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