Thuja plicata (Giant Arborvitae)

Overview

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Western red cedar. <em>Thuja plicata</em> Lewis and Clark State Park, Washington

Interesting Facts

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Thuja plicata is an important timber tree . Its soft but extremely durable wood is valued for home construction, production of shakes and shingles, and many other uses. Native Americans of the Northwest Coast used it to build lodges , totem poles , and seagoing canoes . Many cultivars are grown for ornament, and the species is managed for timber in Europe and New Zealand. [source]
Western redcedar is the provincial tree of British Columbia. [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Giant Arborvitae, Canoe-Cedar, Giant-Cedar, Pacific Red-Cedar, Shinglewood, Western Arborvitae, Western Red Cedar, Western Red-Cedar, Western Redcedar

Common Names in French:

Thuya De Lobb, Thuya Géant

Description

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Family Cupressaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , monoecious or dioecious. Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, scalelike and then often dimorphic with flattened facial leaves and keeled lateral leaves, or needlelike particularly in juvenile plants , often with an abaxial resin gland . Pollen cones terminal or axillary , solitary, maturing and shed annually; microsporophylls 6-16, decussate or whorled , each bearing (2 or) 3-6(-9) pollen sacs ; pollen wingless. Seed cones usually terminal, solitary, globose , ovoid , or oblong , dehiscent or indehiscent when mature in 1st or 2nd(or 3rd) year; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts almost completely enveloped by cone scales, free only at apex; ovules 1-numerous per bract axil, erect ; cone scales of mature cones 3-16, flat or peltate, woody, leathery, or succulent, 1-20-seeded. Seeds winged or not; wings derived from seed coat . Cotyledons usually 2, rarely 3-6. Germination epigeal.

Nineteen genera and ca. 125 species: worldwide; eight genera (one introduced ) and 46 species (16 endemic, 13 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Thuja

Trees evergreen , small to large. Branchlets flattened, in fan-shaped, flattened, frondlike sprays . Leaves opposite in 4 ranks . Adult leaves heteromorphic; those on larger branchlets with sharp, erect , free apices to ca. 2 mm; those on flattened lateral branchlets crowded, appressed , scalelike, lateral pairs keeled , facial pairs flat; abaxial glands present or absent. Pollen cones with 2--6 pairs of sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--4 pollen sacs . Seed cones maturing and opening first year, ellipsoid , (6--) 9--14(--18) mm; scales persistent , 4--6 pairs, overlapping, oblong and basifixed , thin and woody, 2--3 central pairs fertile , uniformly thin or with slightly enlarged apex, remaining scales sterile. Seeds 1--3 per scale, lenticular , equally 2-winged; cotyledons 2. x = 11.

Species 5: North America, e Asia.[2]

Physical Description

Species Thuja plicata

Trees to 50(--75) m , sometimes stunted in harsh environments; trunk to 2(--5) m diam., often buttressed at base ; crown conical . Bark reddish brown or grayish brown, 10--25 mm thick, fibrous , fissured . Branches arching , branchlets pendent. Leaves of branchlets (1--) 3--6 mm (sprays sometimes bearing only very small leaves), apex acute, with white markings on abaxial surface when fresh, glossy green on adaxial surface of branchlets. Pollen cones 1--3 mm, reddish. Seed cones ellipsoid , 10--14 mm, brown; fertile scales 2--3 pairs, each with evident, nearly terminal , deltate projection. Seeds 8--14 per cone, 4--7.5 mm (including wings ), reddish brown. 2 n = 22. [source]

ID Features: Fern-like branches. Conical shape. Dense, compact evergreen foliage. Scale-like leaves. Tansy-like odor emitted from crushed foliage. Small woody cone. Buttressed base.

Habit: An evergreen tree with a pyramidal shape and foliage to the ground . • Growth Form: Single Stem • Shape and Orientation: Conical

Flowers: Not of any ornamental significance. Monoecious. At the branch tips . Borne singly. • Bloom Period: Mid Spring • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none • Flower Conspicuous: No

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 414400 • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit: Small erect cones with thin, overlapping scales . Ovoid . Green maturing to brown to tan. 0.5" long. Not particularly noticeable except when then is heavy cone set. Winged seeds. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: High • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Summer foliage: Long-pointed scale like new leaves. Resin gland on scales . Older leaves are blunt with no gland and overlapping. Glossy dark green. Crushed foliage emits a distinct tansy-like odor. • Fall foliage: Foliage discolors to yellowish-green and even somewhat brown at times. Winter color is considered ugly by sone and cultivars have been selected. for green winter foliage color. • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Slow-moderate. • Mature Height (feet): 150.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 40 • Size: 50' to 70' tall, up to 25' wide. • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: For hedges . For screens . Windbreaks. Specimen. Foundation plant (small cultivar). Cultivar selected for green winter foliage should be used in place of. species. • Liabilities: Leaf miner. Bag worms. Foliar burn in very harsh sites. Spider mites . Heavy snow often causes damage. A favorite food of deer.

Habitat

On various substrates, commonly in moist sites, mixed coniferous forests , usually not in pure stands; 0--1500(--2000) m [3].

Hardy to zone 5, and warmer parts of 4.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,875 meters (0 to 9,432 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Easily transplanted from containers and B&B. Likes moist air . Prefers moist, deep, loamy soil. Tolerant of acidic and alkaline soils . Generally quite adaptable and tolerant once established . Can be sheared to maintain shape and size. Full sun ; partial shade is tolerated but plants become thin, open and much. less appealing. Tolerant of somewhat wet soils.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 5.1 • Maximum pH: 7.1 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 30 • Maximum Precipitation: 120 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -33 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 180 • Cold Hardiness: 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Burnett
        Order: Cupressales ()
        Family: Cupressaceae () - Richard ex Bartling, 1830, nom. cons. - Cypress Family
        Genus: Thuja () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Arborvitae [Greek name for some evergreen, resinous trees]
        Specific epithet: plicata - Donn ex D.Don
        Botanical name: - Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don

Synonyms

Thuja gigantea Nutt.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Conservation status: LC, Habit: Tree

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Thuja

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 57 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url p. 105, p. 273, p. 362.
Lectures on forest policy. Second part: "Forestry conditions in the United States." s.p.: s.n., 1900-1950? url p. 99.
List of publications relating to forestry in the Department Library. Prepared under the direction of the Librarian. WashingtonGovt. Print. Off.1898 url p. 125.
Logging: the principles and general methods of operation in the United States / by Ralph Clement Bryant. London: Chapman & Hall, 1914, c1913. url p. 9.
Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States, by Ralph Clement Bryant. .. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; [etc., etc.], 1913. url p. 9.
Manual of plant diseases, Wilkes-Barré, Pa., The Record press, c1914-22 url p. 105.
Manual of plant diseases, by Paul Sorauer. Wilkes-Barré, Pa.The Record Press, c1914-22 url p. 105.
Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 67, p. 68, p. 68, p. 909, p. 909.
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. New York: The Garden, 1900- url p. 13.
Menzies' journal of Vancouver's voyage, April to October, 1792 / edited with botanical and ethnological notes, by C.F. Newcombe and a biographical note by J. Forsyth. Victoria, B.C.: Printed by W.H. Cullin, 1923. url p. 58, p. 82.
Minnesota botanical studies. Minneapolis, Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. url .
Muhlenbergia. Chico, Calif. [etc] url p. 104, p. 150, p. 357, p. 81.
Mycological writings of C. G. Lloyd. Cincinnati, O., [1898]-1929. url p. 13.
Mycotrophy in plants; lectures on the biology of mycorrhizae and related structures. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1950. url p. 28.
Native trees of Canada / by B.R. Morton; with notes on nomenclature and utilization by R.G. Lewis. Ottawa: Dept. of the Interior, Forestry Branch, 1921. url p. 231, p. 47.
Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , , , , p. 272.
Natural history. New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp.[1963] url p. 187.
Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 147, p. 147, p. 154, p. 154, p. 182, p. 182, p. 63, p. 63.
Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 45.
North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 100, p. 12, p. 20, p. 48, p. 8, p. 86.
North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] url p. 97.
North American trees: being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies / New York: H. Holt and Co., 1908. url .
North American trees; being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies; with the assistance of John Adolph Shafer. New YorkHolt1908 url p. 94, p. 96.
Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 12 2002 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 187.
Oxford gardens, based upon Daubeny's Popular guide to the physick garden of Oxford: with notes on the gardens of the colleges and on the University park, by R. T. Günther. Oxford: Parker & son; [etc., etc.], 1912. url p. 199, p. 37.
Pamphlets on forestry in Canada. [1900?- url p. 104, p. 13, p. 134.
Pamphlets on forestry in Minnesota. [1900?- url p. 166.
Pamphlets on forestry in Ohio. [1900?- url p. 44.
Pamphlets on forestry in Pennsylvania. [1900?- url .
Pamphlets on silviculture. [1899- url p. 274, p. 56.
Physiological plant anatomy, tr. by Montagu Drummond. London, MacMillan, 1914. url p. 283.
Physiology of fungi. New York, Wiley[1958] url p. 475, p. 507.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 165, p. 487, p. 572, p. 574.
Plant ecology, by W. B. McDougall. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger[1941] url p. 245, p. 284.
Plant indicators: the relation of plant communities to process and practice. WashingtonCarnegie Institution of Washington1920 url p. 214, p. 215, p. 217, p. 218, p. 219, p. 220, p. 221.
Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation, Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1916. url , , , , , , .
Plants for California landscapes: a catalog of drought tolerant plants. [Sacramento, Calif.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Water Resources, [1979] url p. 34.
Postelsia: the year book of the Minnesota Seaside Station. St. Paul, Minn.: Pioneer Press, 1902-1906. url p. 129, p. 129, p. 140, p. 192, p. 192, p. 195, p. 199, p. 199, p. 41, p. 42, p. 50, p. 50, p. 52, p. 53, p. 56, p. 79, p. 79, p. 93, p. 93.
Practical botany / by Joseph Y. Bergen and Otis W. Caldwell. Boston: Ginn, c1911. url p. 512.
Practical botany by Joseph Bergen and Otis W. Caldwell. Boston: Ginn, c1911. url p. 512.
Practical botany, Boston, Ginn and company[c1911] url .
Practical forestry for beginners in forestry, agricultural students, woodland owners, and others desiring a general knowledge of the nature of the art, New York, D. Appleton and company, 1902. url p. 261.
Preservative treatment of poles. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1911. url p. 9.
Principles of American forestry / New York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1903. url .
Principles of American forestry. New YorkWiley1903 url p. 229.
Proceedings - California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 16, p. 231.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 141, p. 144, p. 16, p. 231, p. 514, p. 515, p. 62, p. 663, p. 719.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 105, p. 113, p. 116, p. 184, p. 192, p. 254, p. 311, p. 74.
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] url p. 424.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 112, p. 405, p. 426, p. 433, p. 435, p. 437, p. 450, p. 473, p. 474.
Publications - Puget Sound Biological Station. [Seattle?]Puget Sound Biological Station, University of Washington. url p. 197.
Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year. .. / Chicago Natural History Museum. [Chicago]: The Museum, [1944]-1963. url p. 50.
Report of the Dominion Entomologist. Ottawa url p. 44.
Report of the Minister of Lands and Forests of the Province of Ontario. Toronto: Published by Clarkson W. James, 1921-1972. url p. 277.
Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic expedition in the "Fram" 1898-1902. .. Kristiania, In commission by T. O. Brøgger, 1907-1919. url , .
Report of the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the "Fram", 1898-1902. Published by Videnskabs-selskabet i Kristiania, at the expense of the Fridjof Nansen Fund for the Advancement of Science. KristianiaT.O. Brøgger1907-19 url , .
Report upon the forestry investigations of the U.S. Department of agriculture. 1877-1898. By B. E. Fernow. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1899. url p. 56.
Report. Victoria, B.C. url p. 12, p. 14, p. 18.
Results of a biological reconnoisance of the Yukon river region. General account of the region. Annotated list of mammals. By Wilfred H. Osgood. Annotated list of birds. By Louis B. Bishop. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1900. url p. 100.
Science progress. London: John Murray, 1916- url p. 215.
Science studies, v.1, no. 1-3. Bozeman, Mont.1905. url p. 119, p. 127, p. 138.
Science. New York, N.Y.: [s.n.]1880- url p. 218, p. 872, p. 932.
Sensitive plant surveys in the Bull River and adjacent drainages, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Kootenai National Forest, Montana / prepared by Lisa Ann Schassberger and J. Stephen Shelly. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1990]. url p. 1.
Silvical characteristics of Canadian trees. [Toronto]University of Toronto, Foresters' Club[1915?] url p. 20, p. 30, p. 5.
Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 130 1956 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 102, p. 251, p. 303.
Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 18.
Status and conservation management of terrestrial mollusks of special concern in Montana / Helena MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2003. url , .
Status report on sensitive lady's slipper orchids (Cypripedium Calceolus var. parviflorum and Cypripedium passerinum) on the Kootenai National Forest/ by Jim Vanderhorst for Kootenai National Forest, [1996]. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1996]. url p. 22.
Status review of Botrychium minganense, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Lolo National Forest / prepared by Peter L. Achuff. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1992]. url p. 11, p. 21, p. 5, p. 6, p. i.
Steep trails / by John Muir; edited by William Frederic Badè; with illustrations. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1918. url p. 231, p. 299.
Steep trails, Boston, Houghton Mifflin company, 1918. url , .
Steep trails: California, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, the Grand Cañon / by John Muir; edited by William Frederic Badè; with illustrations Boston; Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918 url , , p. 231, p. 299.
Surveys for animal species of concern in northwestern Montana / [Helena, MT]: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2005. url .
Surveys of forest reserves. Washington, 1897. url , .
Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url p. 11, p. 11, p. 20, p. 36, p. 37, p. 398, p. 44, p. 45.
Textbook of botany [by] F.N. Transeau. .. H.C. Sampson. .. [and] L.H. Tiffany. .. New York, Harper & brothers[c1940] url p. 776.
The American journal of science. 9(2) 1850 New Haven, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University. url p. 148.
The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url p. 45, p. 64.
The Buprestidae of North America, exclusive of Mexico, a catalogue including synonomy, bibliography, distribution, type locality and hosts of each species, by W. J. Chamberlin. Eugene, Or., c1926 url p. 106, p. 178.
The Canadian entomologist. Ottawa [etc.]Entomological Society of Canada [etc.] url p. 132.
The Canadian field-naturalist. 62 1948 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url glendenning , [fig. 1] , mitchell , cowan , , p. 126, p. 129, p. 130, p. 132, p. 151, p. 159, p. 160, p. 170, p. 171, p. 172, p. 188, p. 193, p. 200, p. 205, p. 209, p. 212, p. 214, p. 215, p. 216, p. 218, p. 22, p. 224, p. 252, p. 252, p. 307, p. 308, p. 344, p. 348, p. 353, p. 369, p. 386, p. 39, p. 396, p. 398, p. 4, p. 40, p. 400, p. 423, p. 431, p. 439, p. 456, p. 456, p. 466, p. 476, p. 49, p. 50, p. 543, p. 55, p. 566, p. 566, p. 6, p. 6, p. 61, p. 65, p. 65, p. 657, p. 67, p. 677, p. 704, p. 737, p. 74, p. 742, p. 99.
The Canadian record of science. Montreal, Natural History Society. url p. 178.
The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 296.
The Florists' exchange: a weekly medium of interchange for florists, nurserymen, seedsmen and the trade in general. New York, N.Y.: [A.T. De la Mare Ptg. and Pub. Co., url p. 338, p. 469.
The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 108, p. 143, p. 150, p. 212, p. 264, p. 266, p. 267, p. 335, p. 421, p. 439, p. 452, p. 495, p. 501, p. 512, p. 584, p. 60, p. 620, p. 620, p. 69.
The Gardener's monthly and horticulturist. Philadelphia, Pa.: Charles H. Marot, 1876-1888. url p. 180, p. 293, p. 306, p. 306.
The Gardeners' chronicle and agricultural gazette. London: published for the proprietors, 1844-1873. url p. 1008, p. 1186, p. 1276, p. 1282, p. 1335, p. 143, p. 181, p. 186, p. 214, p. 38, p. 48, p. 578, p. 631, p. 654, p. 73, p. 9, p. 940, p. 941.
The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url p. 136, p. 228, p. 263, p. 287, p. 297, p. 311, p. 336, p. 57, p. 77.
The Glasgow naturalist. Glasgow, Andersonian Naturalists of Glasgow. url p. 129.
The Great Basin naturalist. 48 1988 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url p. 323, schowalter, stafford & slagle, page 327, p. 374, p. 68, p. 79.
The Horticulturist and journal of rural art and rural taste. Albany, N.Y.: Luthur Tucker, 1846/1847-1875 url p. 66.
The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason & Son, Ltd., 1892- url p. 171.
The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url , p. 269, p. 298, p. 3, p. 306, p. 307, p. 307, p. 401, p. 41, p. 421, p. 421, p. 51, p. 515, p. 515.
The Magazine of horticulture, botany, and all useful discoveries and improvements in rural affairs. Boston: Hovey and Co., 1837- url p. 106, p. 200, p. 284, p. 285, p. 359, p. 73, p. 76.
The Mount Rainier forest reserve, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1900. url p. 103, p. 108, p. 127, p. 98, p. 99.
The Mount Rainier forest reserve, Washington / by Fred G. Plummer. Washington: Govt print. off., 1900 url p. 127, p. 327, p. 348, p. 98.
The Mountaineer. Seattle, The Mountaineers, 1907-1921. url p. 110.
The Nautilus. Melbourne, Fla., etc., American Malacologists, inc., etc. url p. 122, p. 20.
The North American cup-fungi (inoperculates) New York, 1951. url p. 101, p. 395.
The North American sylva, or, A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, not described in the work of F. Andrew Michaux and containing all the forest trees discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the territory of Oregon, down to the shores of the Pacific, and into the confines of California, as well as in various parts of t Philadelphia: Wm. Rutter, ca. 1865 url .
The North American sylva; or, A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. Considered particularly with respect to their use in the arts and their introduction into commerce. To which is ad Tr. from the French of F. Andrew Michaux. .. with notes by J. Jay Smith. Philadelphia, Rice, Rutter & co., 1865. url .
The Oo?logist for the student of birds, their nests and eggs. Albion, N.Y.: Frank H. Lattin, 1886- url p. 105.
The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 164, p. 164, p. 20, p. 20.
The Philadelphia florist and horticultural journal: a magazine of horticulture, botany, agriculture, and the kindred sciences. Philadelphia, [Pa.: s.n.], 1852-1853. url .
The Plant world. Baltimore [etc.]Plant World Association [etc.] url p. 185, p. 214, p. 216, p. 220, p. 221, p. 237, p. 241, p. 274, p. 292.
The Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. Des moines, Iowa: The Academy, [1889-1987] url p. 327, p. 334, p. 348.
The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 156, p. 226, p. 532, p. 590, p. 693, p. 701, p. 728, p. 738.
The Scientific proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. Dublin: The Society, 1877-[1957] url p. 67.
The Thelephoraceae of North America / by Edward A. Burt. St. Louis, Mo.?: Missouri Botanical Garden, 1914-1926 url p. 181, p. 182, p. 192, p. 203, p. 287.
The agriculturist's manual: being a familiar description of the agricultural plants cultivated in Europe: including practical observations respecting those suited to the climate of Great Britain and forming a report of Lawson's by Peter Lawson & Son. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh: Thomas Cadell, 141 Strand, London; and W. Curry Jun. & Co., Dublin, 1836. url p. 394.
The art of beautifying suburban home grounds of small extent. Illustrated by upward of two hundred plates and engravings of plans for residences and their grounds, of trees and shrubs, and garden embellishments; with descriptions of the beautiful and hardy trees By Frank J. Scott. New York, John B. Alden, 1886. url p. 214, p. 566, p. 617.
The art of the second growth, or American sylviculture / by C.A. Schenck. Albany: The Brandow Printing Co., 1912. url p. 106, p. 27, p. 71.
The book of evergreens, a practical treatise on the coniferae, or cone-bearing plants. New YorkO. Judd[1868] url p. 321.
The book of evergreens. A practical treatise on the Coniferæ, or cone-bearing plants. By Josiah Hoopes. New York: Orange Judd & company, [c1868] url p. 321, p. 323.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 147, p. 147.
The cultivated evergreens; a handbook of the coniferous and most important broad-leaved evergreens planted for ornament in the United States and Canada, edited by L. H. Bailey. London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1923. url p. 118, p. 4, p. 409, p. 67, p. 93, p. 94.
The distribution of vegetation in the United States, as related to climatic conditions [by] Burton E. Livingston and Forrest Shreve. [Washington]Carnegie institution of Washington, 1921. url p. 44.
The flora of Canada, by J. M. Macoun and M. O. Malte. Ottawa: Government printing bureau, 1917. url p. 12.
The forests of the United States, by Henry Gannett. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1899. url p. 27, p. 45, p. 62.
The fungal diseases of the common larch / Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1919. url .
The oist. Albion, N.Y.: Frank H. Lattin, 1886-1941. url .
The pinetum: being a synopsis of all the coniferous plants at present known, with descriptions, history and synonyms, and a comprehensive systematic index. LondonH.G. Bohn [etc.]1880 url p. 401, p. 401, p. 402, p. 405, p. 405, p. 406, p. 406, p. 407.
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1182, p. 3335, p. 3337.
The study of plant communities: an introduction to plant ecology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1948. url p. 279, p. 280.
The trees of California. San FranciscoCunningham, Curtis & Welch[1909] url p. 114, p. 14, p. 48.
The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url p. 1196, p. 1197.
The western hemlock / by Edward T. Allen. Washington, [D.C.]: G.P.O., 1902. url p. 54.
Timber conditions in the pine region of Minnesota, Washington, Govt. print. off., 1900. url p. 709.
Timber management: a programmatic environmental analysis record for BLM-administered lands in western Oregon / Office, 1974 url p. 50, p. 52.
Torreya. Burlington, Vt., Torrey Botanical Club, 1901-1945. url p. 131, p. 143, p. 157, p. 158, p. 172, p. 259, p. 266, p. 283, p. 61.
Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. [S.l.: s.n.], 1843-1920. url p. 130.
Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Edinburgh: Douglas & Foulis, 1888-1926. url , , p. 113, p. 114, p. 133, p. 134, p. 135, p. 156, p. 176, p. 227, p. 341, p. 76.
Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past, by Edward Wilber Berry. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1923. url p. 35.
Trees: a woodland notebook containing observations on certain British and exotic trees / by Sir Herbert Maxwell; illustrated with photographs by Mr. Henry Irving and others. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, Publishers to the University, 1915. url p. 216.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 1949. url p. 767, p. 806, p. 937.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture, 1949 / the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1949 url p. 806.
University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 2 1948 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url p. 29, p. 318.
University studies of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln. url p. 18, p. 74, p. 88, p. 93, p. 96.
Utilization of hardwoods growing on southern pine sites / Peter Koch. Washington, D.C.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., [1985] url p. 2654.
Veitch's manual of the coniferae: containing a general review of the order, a synopsis of the species cultivated in Great Britain, their botanical history, economic properties, place and use in arboriculture, etc. / by Adolphus H. Kent. Chelsea: J. Veitch, 1900. url p. 241.
Wetlands of the Flathead Valley: change and ecological functions / Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2009. url p. 8.
Wildlife impact assessment and summary of previous mitigation related to hydroelectric projects in Montana: volume one, Libby Dam project -- operator, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers / prepared by Chris A. Yde and Arnold Olsen, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Portland, Ore. (P.O. Box 3621, Portland 97208): Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish and Wildlife, [1984] url p. 7, p. 96.
Wood and forest, Peoria, Ill., The Manual arts press[c1912] url .
Wood and forest, by William Noyes... Peoria, Ill., Manual arts press, c[1912] url p. 104, p. 309.
Wood-using industries of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pa., W. S. Ray, state printer, 1914. url p. 32.
Wood-using industries of Quebec, comp. by R.G. Lewis, B.SC.F., and J.A. Doucet, B.A. Ottawa, J. de Labroquerie Taché, printer to the King's most excellent Majesty, 1918. url p. 29.
Woody plants of the western national parks; containing keys for the identification of trees and shrubs, by Virginia Long Bailey and Harold Edwards Bailey. Notre Dame, Ind., University Press, 1949. url p. 10, p. 4.
[Collected reprints, 1911-1931. s.l., s.n., 19--] url .
[Forestry reports] Washington, 1893-1910 url .
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Thuja plicata. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.
Farjon, A. 11-Jan-2006 (from Conifer Database, Jun 2006).
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 41 providers.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
"Thuja plicata". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

Australian National Herbarium
, Australian National Herbarium
Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
, Vascular Plant Herbarium
Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
Institute of Dendrology PAS, Institute of Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains
Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium
University of Washington Burke Museum, Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium
Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium
inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645039
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-3876
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 1043097
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263964-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 36593
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 18044
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 263964-1
IUCN ID: 246349
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGCUP06030
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: THPL
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 65974

Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon "Cupressaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Kenton L. Chambers "Thuja". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Thuja plicata". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 161.660 meters (530.381 feet), Standard Deviation = 269.610 based on 2,173 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Thuja plicata

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Cupressaceae

Genus Thuja

Physical Description

Species Thuja plicata

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Thuja

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes