Taxus baccata (English Yew;european Yew)

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Dutch:

Taxus

Common Names in English:

Common Yew, English Yew, English Yew;european Yew, European Yew, Robust Irish Yew, Yew

Common Names in German:

Eibe

Description

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Family Taxaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , dioecious or rarely monoecious. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, linear or lanceolate, abaxial surface with 1 stomatal band on each side of prominent or inconspicuous midvein , resin canal present or absent. Pollen cones solitary in leaf or bract axils, or aggregated into spikelike complexes apically on branches; microsporophylls numerous ; pollen sacs 3-9, radially arranged or on outer side of microsporophyll and then with distinct adaxial and abaxial surfaces; pollen nonsaccate. Seed-bearing structures solitary or paired in axils of leaves or bracts, pedunculate or sessile, with several overlapping or decussate bracts at base ; ovule solitary, borne at apex of floral axis, erect . Seed sessile or pedunculate, drupelike or nutlike, partially enclosed in a succulent, saccate or cupular aril, or completely enclosed within aril; female gametophyte tissue abundant. Cotyledons 2. Germination epigeal, hypogeal in Torreya.

Five genera and 21 species; mainly N hemisphere (except Austrotaxus R. H. Compton: New Caledonia) ; four genera (one endemic) and 11 species (five endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Genus Taxus

Trees or shrubs dioecious or monoecious. Bark reddish brown, scaly . Branches ascending to drooping ; twigs irregularly alternate, green or yellow-green when young, reddish brown in age. Leaves often appearing 2-ranked, flexible ; stomates abaxial , in 2 broad, pale bands ; apex soft-pointed, mucronate , not sharp to touch; resin canal absent. Pollen cones globose , yellowish, with 4--16 peltate sporophylls, each bearing 2--9 sporangia. Ovule 1. Seed maturing in 1 season , brown; aril scarlet to orange-scarlet, soft, mucilaginous , thick, cup-shaped, open at apex, exposing hard seed coat ; albumen uniform . x = 12.

Species 6--10: mainly north temperate regions .

The species of Taxus, discouragingly similar, are more geographically than morphologically separable; they were all treated by R. K . F. Pilger (1903) as subspecies of T. baccata Linnaeus. Detailed study of the genus (not neglecting the cultivated representatives), including extensive fieldwork, is much needed and long overdue.

The foliage , bark, and seeds---but not the fleshy red aril---of most Taxus species are toxic due to the presence of taxine (M. R. Cooper and A. W. Johnson 1984; J. M. Kingsbury 1964) ; this alkaloid, however, was not found in T. brevifolia (I. Jones and E. V. Lynn 1933). Two Eurasian species, T. baccata Linnaeus (English yew) and T. cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini (Japanese yew), are best known and documented for toxicity. Cattle have been poisoned by T. canadensis planted in British Columbia, but toxicity of T. brevifolia has not been conclusively recorded (J. M. Kingsbury 1964). Although horses, cattle, and humans have been poisoned by ingesting yew leaves and seeds, the fresh foliage of T. canadensis is browsed by deer, and that of T. brevifolia by moose.

The only other yew native to the New World is Taxus globosa Schlechtendahl of Mexico and Honduras. The Old World T. baccata Linnaeus and T. cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini---and T. ´ media Rehder, the alleged hybrid between these two---are common in cultivation in the flora area.

Although no extralimital species of Taxus is naturalized in North America, spontaneous, immature (sapling ) exotic yews have been noted in a very few localities in the northeastern United States within the range of Taxus canadensis. Apparently originating from seeds dispersed (probably by birds) from cultivated yews, these plants differ from T. canadensis in having typically erect (rather than sprawling ) stems. Immature volunteer yews are, with the use of macromorphological characters and with our present knowledge, probably unidentifiable to species.

Although species of Taxus are much cultivated in the Pacific Northwest, spontaneous yews have not been recorded there away from cultivated individuals, in the vicinity of which (or under which) they may reseed. Should such volunteers be found, the shape of their leaf epidermal cells as viewed in cross section---wider than tall (rather than taller than wide) or ± isodiametric---may be used to distinguish them from T. brevifolia.[2]

Physical Description

ID Features: Dark green needles that end in a horny tip. Wide spreading branches with spirally arranged needles. Brown scales in stems. Reddish brown flaking bark. Red fleshy seeds.

Habit: A large evergreen shrub or small tree with wide spreading , dense branches. • Growth Form: Single Crown • Shape and Orientation: Decumbent

Flowers: Not ornamentally important. Dioecious. • Bloom Period: Mid Spring • Flower Color: Yellow • Flower Conspicuous: No

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 6400 • Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit: Solitary seeds, slightly compressed , round and flessy, red. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Low • Fruit/Seed Color: Red • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Summer foliage: Spirally arranged needle-like leaves, appears to be two-ranked if grown in. shade. 0.5" to 1.25" long and up to 0.25" wide, convexed and has a prominent . midrib . Dark green color to leaves. Leave apex has a horny point . Stems have brownish scales at base . • Fall foliage: No fall color, evergreen . • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Medium • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 2.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 2 • Size: 30' to 50' tall and 20' wide. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Moderate • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: For parks. Gardens. In shade. Cultivars can be used as understory shrubs . Hedges . Screens . In groupings or mass plantings . Topiary. Decoration. • Liabilities: Toxic . Not as cold hardy as other Taxus. Strong winds can cause desiccation in winter months. Taxus scale. Mealybugs.

Habitat

Zone 6, zone 5 in protected sites.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,582 meters (0 to 8,471 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: PH adaptable. Prefers moist, well-drained, soil. Does well in sun or shade. Keep out of windswept sites. Does not like extreme cold or extreme heat. Transplants easily.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Medium • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 5.4 • Maximum pH: 7.3 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High • Minimum Precipitation: 32 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Low

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -33°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 100 • Cold Hardiness: 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Pinopsida ()
        Order: Taxales () - Knoblauch, in Warming, 1890
        Family: Taxaceae () - S.f. Gray, 1821, Nom. Cons. - Yew Family
        Subfamily: Iridoideae ()
        Tribe: Spiraeeae ()
        Genus: Taxus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Yew [Latin name for yew]
        Specific epithet: baccata - Linnaeus
        Botanical name: - Taxus baccata

Unambiguous Synonyms

Taxus baccata eubaccata Pilg.
Taxus baccifera Theophr. Ex Bubani
Taxus communis J. Nelson
Taxus lugubris Salisb.
Taxus pectinata Gilib.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Farjon A., 11-Jan-2006

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:1040. 1753

Name verified on 09-Nov-1999 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 09-Nov-1999

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Taxus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 274 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Die Phanerogamen - Flora Oesels und der benachbarten Eilande und Beitrag zur Flora der Insel Runoe / von Arthur Baron v. Sass. Dorpat: Druck von H. Laakmann, 1860. GER url p. 11.
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Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs: versuch einer Technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches / Unter Mitwirkung von Max Bemberger, von Julius von Wiesner. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1914. GER url p. 363.
Die Zelle und die Gewebe. Grundz�ge der Allgemeinen Anatomie und Physiologie. Jena, Fischer, 1893-98. GER url p. 117.
Die bisher bekannten Pflanzen Galiziens und der Bukowina, von Josef Armin Knapp. Wien, W. Braum�ller, 1872. GER url p. 446, p. 82.
Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz Leipzig: E. Kummer, 1884-1966. GER url p. 155, p. 166, p. 175, p. 22, p. 254, p. 30, p. 375, p. 530, p. 583, p. 609, p. 658, p. 72, p. 722.
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Enumeratio plantarum Transsilvaniae: exhiben: stirpes phanerogamas sponte crescentes atque frequentius cultas, cryptogamas vasculares, charceas, etiam muscos hepaticasque / auctore Phil. Johanne Ferdinando Schur. Vindobonae: Apud G. Braumhuller, 1866. GER url p. 625.
Enumeratio plantarum anno 1890 in Caucaso lectarum: additis nonnullis speciebus a claris viris H. Lojka, G. Radde, N. Seidlitz et fratr. Brotherus in eadem ditione lectis / S. Sommier et E. Levier, cum tabulis lithographicis XLIX ab E. Levier et C. Cuisi Petropoli: Typ. Imp. akademii nauk, 1900. FRE url p. 462, p. 580.
Enumeratio stirpium florae Helveticae: secundum ordines naturales disposita / auctore Th. Wegelin. Turici: Typis O. Fuesslini, 1838. LAT url p. 14.
Erd�ly ed�nyes fl�r�j�nak helyesbitett foglalata / Enumeratio florae transsilvanicae vesculosae critica / ex mandato Societatis Scientiarum Naturalium Regiae Hungaricae scripsit Ludovicus Simonkai. a Kir. Magyar Term�szettudom�nyi T�rsulat megbiz�s�bol ir Budapest: Kiadja a Kir. Magyar Term�szettudom�nyi T�rsulat, 1886. HUN url p. 596.
Etudes de l�pidopt�rologie compar�e, par Charles Oberth�r. Rennes: Impr. Oberth�r, 1904-25. FRE url p. 173.
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Fauna coleopterorum helvetica: die K�fer-Fauna der Schweiz nach der analytischen Methode / bearbeitet von G. Stierlin. Schaffhausen: Bolli & B�cherer, 1898-1900. GER url p. 123.
Fauna, flora & geology of the Clyde area, ed. by G.F. Scott Elliot, Malcolm Laurie and J. Barclay Murdoch. Glasgow, Pub. by the local committee for the meeting of the British Association, 1901. ENG url p. 126.
Finlands k�rlvexter, ordnade i et naturligt system. Helsingfors, J. Simelii tryck, 1863. SWE url p. 57.
Flora Badensis, Alsatica et confinium regionum cis et transrhenana plantas a lacu Bodamico usque ad confluentem Mosellae et Rheni sponte nascentes: exhibens secundum systema sexuale cum iconibus ad naturam dileneatis / auctore Carolo Christiano Gmelin. Carlsruhae: In Officina A. Mlleriana, 1805-1826. LAT url p. 708.
Flora Berolinensis, sive, Enumeratio plantarum circa Berolinum sponte crescentium secundum familias naturales disposita / auctore Carolo Sigismundo Kunth. Berolini: Duncker et Humblot, 1838. LAT url p. 227.
Flora Comense: disposta secondo il sistema di Linneo / dal professore Giuseppe Comolli. Como: C.P. Ostinelli, 1834-1857. ITA url p. 234.
Flora Einsidlensis: systematische Aufz�hlung der in Einsiedeln freiwachsenden und h�ufiger cultivirten Gef�sspflanzen / von Thomas A. Bruhin. [Einsiedeln; K. und N. Benziger, 1864]. GER url p. 54.
Flora Friburgensis et regionum proxime adjacentium, auctore F.C.L. Spenner. Friburgi Brisgoviae, Typis Friderici Wagner, 1825-1829. LAT url p. 261.
Flora Hanoverana excursoria, enthaltend die Beschreibungen der phanerogamischen Gewchse Norddeutschlands in den Flussgebieten der Ems, Weser und Unterelbe, geordnet nach natrlichen Familien Gttingen, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1849. GER url p. 524.
Flora Helvetica: exhibens plantas Helvetiae indigenas Hallerianas, et omnes quae nuper detectae sunt ordine Linnaeano / curavit Johann Rudolf Suter. Turici: Impensis Orell, Fuesli, 1802. LAT url p. 292, p. 416.
Flora Italica; sistens plantas in Italia et in insulis circumstantibus sponte nascentes. Bononiae, R. Masi, 1833-1854. LAT url p. 389.
Flora Parisiensis, ou, Descriptions et figures des plantes qui croissent aux environs de Paris; avec les diffrens noms, classes, ordres et genres qui leur conviennent, rangs suivant la mthode sexuelle de M. Linn, leurs par Mr. Bulliard. Paris, P.F. Didot, 1776-1783. FRE url p. 15, p. 50, p. 7.
Flora Peoriana; the vegetation in the climate of middle Illinois. Peoria, Ill., J. W. Franks, 1887. ENG url p. 87.
Flora Rossica; sive, Enumeratio plantarum in totius Imperii Rossici provinciis Europaeis, Asiaticis et Americanis hucusque observatarum, auctore Carolo Friderico a Ledebour. Stuttgartiae, Sumptibus Librariae E. Schweizerbart, 1842-1853. LAT url p. 666.
Flora Sardoa; seu Historia plantarum in Sardinia et adjacentibus insulis vel sponte nascentium vel ad utilitatem latius excultarum, auctore Josepho Hyacintho Moris. Taurini, Ex Regio Typographeo, 1837-59. LAT url p. 552.
Flora balearica, �tude phytog�ographique sur les �les Bal�ares, par Herman Knoche. [Montpellier, France, Imp. Roum�gous et D�han]1921-1923. FRE url p. 269, p. 46, p. 532.
Flora de las Islas Baleares, seguida de un diccionario de los nombres baleares, castellanos y bot�nicos de las plantas espont�neas y de las cultivadas. Palma, P. J. Gelabert, 1879-1881. SPA url p. 641.
Flora de las islas Baleares, seguida de un diccionario de los nombres baleares, castellanos y bot�nicos, de las plantas espont�neas y de las cultivadas. Palma, Estab. tip. de P.J. Gelabert, 1870-1881. SPA url p. 641.
Flora der Schweiz, von Joh. Hegetschweiler. Fortgesetzt und hrsg. von Osw. Heer. Zrich, F. Schulthess, 1840. GER url p. 973.
Flora der Schweiz: zum Gebrauche auf Exkursionen, in Schulen und beim Selbstunterricht / bearb. von Hans Schinz und Robert Keller. Z�rich: A. Raustein, 1905. GER url p. 15.
Flora der Umgegend von Neuhaldensleben: ein Verzeichniss der hier wachsenden Pflanzen, deren Beschreibung, Standort und Bltheqeit / hrsg. von H. Robolsky. Neuhaldensleben: [s.n.], 1843. GER url p. 30.
Flora der deutschen ostseeprovinzen Esth-, Liv- und Kurland, bearbeitet von Joh. Gottlieb Fleischer. Hrsg. von Emanuel Lindemann. Mitau, G. A. Reyher, 1839. GER url p. 373.
Flora der gef�rsteten Grafshaft Tirol, des Landes Vorarlberg und des F�rstenthumes Liechtenstein. Nach eigenen und fremden Beobachtungen, Sammlungen und den Litteraturquellen bearb. von K.W. v. Dalla Torre und Ludwig Grafen von Sarnthein. Innsbruck, Verlag der Wagner'-schen Universit�ts-Buchhandlung, 1900-1913. GER url p. 361, p. 362.
Flora des Unter-Donau-Kreises, oder, Aufzhlung und kurze Beschreibung der im Unter-Donau-Kreise wildwachsenden Pflanzen. Passau, Pustet, 1831. GER url p. 278.
Flora des silurischen Bodens von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Dorpat, Druck von H. Laakmann, 1855. GER url p. 32.
Flora hibernica: comprising the flowering plants, ferns, Charace, Musci, Hepatic, Lichenes and Alg of Ireland: arranged according to the natural system with a synopsis of the genera according to the Linnan system / by James Townsend Mackay. Dublin: W. Curry jun., 1836. ENG url p. 259.
Flora italiana; ossia, Descrizione delle piante che crescono spontanee o vegetano come tali in Italia e nelle isole ad essa aggaicenti; disposta secondo il metodo naturale. Firenze, Tip. Le Monnier, 1848-1896. ITA url p. 95.
Flora of Guatemala / by Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark. Chicago: Chicago Museum of Natural History, 1958. ENG url p. 61.
Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by L. L. Dame and F. S. Collins. Malden, Middlesex Institute, 1888. ENG url p. 9, p. 97.
Flora of New Bedford and the shores of Buzzards Bay, with a procession of the flowers. New Bedford, [Mass.]E. Anthony, 1891. ENG url p. 10.
Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. Chicago, 1896. ENG url p. 192, p. 192.
Flora of West Virginia. Charleston, W. Va., M.W. Donnally, 1892. ENG url p. 475.
Flora padovana; ossia, Prospetto floristico e fitogeografico delle piante vascolari indigene inselvatichite o largamente coltivate crescenti nella provincia di Padova; con notizie storico-bibliografiche sulle fonti d Padova, Prem. Soc. coop. tip., 1909-1914. ITA url p. 131.
Flora von Admont. [Wien, 1881] GER url p. 13.
Flora von Bosnien, der Herzegowina und des Sandzaks Novipazar. Wien, In Kommission bei C. Gerold, 1904. GER url p. 3.
Flora von Brixen a. E.; ein mit Standorts- und H�henangaben versehenes Verzeichnis der im weiteren Gebiete von Brixen a. E. (S�dtirol) beobachteten wildwachsenden h�heren Sporen- und Samenpflanzen, der Nutzgew�chse und Zierg Wien, Deuticke, 1911. GER url p. 11.
Flora von Nieder-�sterreich. Handbuch zur Bestimmung s�mmtlicher in diesem Kronlande und den angrenzenden Gebieten wildwachsenden, h�ufig gebauten und verwildert vorkommenden Samenpflanzen und F�hrer zu weiteren botanischen Forsc Wein, C. Gerold, 1890-93. GER url p. 10.
Flora von Niederhessen und Mnden. Beschreibung aller im Gebiete wildwachsenden und im Grossen angebauten Pflanzen. Kassel, T. Fischer, 1847-1855. GER url p. 411.
Flora von Nieder�sterreich. Zum Gebrauche auf Excursionen und zum Selbstunterricht bearbeitet von Eugen von Hal�csy. Prag, F. Tempsky, 1896. GER url p. 584.
Flora von Pommern. Cslin, Hendess, 1828-1835. GER url p. 452, p. 82.
Flora von Schaffhausen / bearbeitet von Jakob Meister. Schaffhausen: Buchdr. von H. Meier, 1887. GER url p. 196.
Flora von Schlesien, preussischen und �sterreichischen Anteils. Bearbeitet von Theodor Schube. Breslau, Korn, 1904. GER url p. 18.
Flora von Steiermark, eine systematische Bearbeitung der im Herzogtum Steiermark wildwachsenden oder im Grossen gebauten Farn- und Bl�tenpflanzen nebst einer pflanzengeographischen Schilderung des Landes. Berlin, Borntraeger, 1908-1956. GER url p. 76.
Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und h�esiger gebauten Gef�sspflanzen. Mit Ber�cksichtigung ihrer Verbreitung und �rtlichen Verh�ltnisse verfasst und nach Koch's Synopsis d von Frz. Freih. v. Hausmann. Innsbruck, Wagner, 1851. GER url p. 1484, p. 1606.
Flora von Wien; eine Aufz�hlung der in den Umgebungen Wiens wild wachsenden oder im grossen gebauten Gef�sspflanzen, nebst einer pflanzen-geografischen Uebersicht. Wien, F. Beck, 1868. GER url p. 152, p. 48.
Florae Romanae prodromus alter: exhibens plantas vasculares circa Romam in Cisapenninis pontificiae dictionis provinciis in Umbria et Piceno sponte venientes: secundum sexuale systema dispositas / a Petro Sanguinetti. Romae: Ex Typographeo Bonarum Artium, 1864. LAT url p. 537.
Flore analytique du centre de la Belgique /c par Louis Pir� et F�lix Muller. Bruxelles: V. Devaux, 1866. FRE url p. 178.
Flore de la Suisse / par Hans Schinz et Robert Keller. Lausanne: F. Rouge, 1909. FRE url p. 17.
Florula bostoniensis. A collection of plants of Boston and its vicinity, with their generic and specific characters, principal synonyms, descriptions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and occasional remarks. By Jacob Bigelow Boston, Cummings, Hilliard, & co., 1824. ENG url p. 371.
Forest entomology, by A.T. Gillanders Edinburgh, W. Blackwood and Sons, 1912. ENG url p. 227.
F�hrer zu den wissenschaftlichen Exkursionen des II. Internationalen Botanischen Kongresses, Wien, 1905. Wien: Selbstverlage des Organisationskomitees, 1905. GER url p. 117, p. 37, p. 7.
Gardeners' chronicle of America. New York: Chronicle Press, 1905-1950. ENG url p. 255, p. 290, p. 640.
Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. ENG url p. 50, p. 52.
Garten-Zeitung. Berlin, P. Parey. GER url p. 139, p. 201, p. 49.
Gartenflora. Erlangen: F. Enke, 1852-1940. GER url p. 118, p. 13, p. 194, p. 233, p. 236, p. 269, p. 276, p. 386, p. 405, p. 499, p. 517, p. 524, p. 582, p. 600, p. 676, p. 95.
General embryological information service. Utrecht, Hubrecht Laboratory. ENG url p. 88, p. 95.
General indexes to the thirty-six volumes of English botany: to which is added, an alphabetical index to English fungi: making together, a catalogue of indigenous British plants. London: J. Sowerby, 1814. ENG url p. 14, p. 45.
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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 24, 2007.
Conifer Database 2006.
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 11, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 46 providers.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
Institute of Dendrology PAS, Institute of Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
NLBIF, Limnodata
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2664504
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-4271
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13747761
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263788-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 80070
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 194883
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 263786-1
IUCN ID: 42546
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGTXA01040
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TABA80
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 64986

Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Taxaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 89. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Taxus". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 120.910 meters (396.686 feet), Standard Deviation = 146.690 based on 10,881 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Taxus baccata

Common Names

Description

Family Taxaceae

Genus Taxus

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Taxus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes