Taxus baccata (Common Yew)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Dutch:

Taxus

Common Names in English:

Common Yew, English Yew, English Yew;european Yew, European Yew, Robust Irish Yew, Yew

Common Names in French:

Common Names in German:

Eibe

Description

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Family Taxaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , dioecious or rarely monoecious. Leaves spirally arranged or decussate, linear or lanceolate, abaxial surface with 1 stomatal band on each side of prominent or inconspicuous midvein , resin canal present or absent. Pollen cones solitary in leaf or bract axils, or aggregated into spikelike complexes apically on branches; microsporophylls numerous ; pollen sacs 3-9, radially arranged or on outer side of microsporophyll and then with distinct adaxial and abaxial surfaces; pollen nonsaccate. Seed-bearing structures solitary or paired in axils of leaves or bracts, pedunculate or sessile, with several overlapping or decussate bracts at base ; ovule solitary, borne at apex of floral axis, erect . Seed sessile or pedunculate, drupelike or nutlike, partially enclosed in a succulent, saccate or cupular aril, or completely enclosed within aril; female gametophyte tissue abundant. Cotyledons 2. Germination epigeal, hypogeal in Torreya.

Five genera and 21 species; mainly N hemisphere (except Austrotaxus R. H. Compton: New Caledonia) ; four genera (one endemic) and 11 species (five endemic, one introduced ) in China.[1]

Physical Description

ID Features: Dark green needles that end in a horny tip. Wide spreading branches with spirally arranged needles. Brown scales in stems. Reddish brown flaking bark. Red fleshy seeds.

Habit: A large evergreen shrub or small tree with wide spreading , dense branches. • Growth Form: Single Crown • Shape and Orientation: Decumbent

Flowers: Not ornamentally important. Dioecious. • Bloom Period: Mid Spring • Flower Color: Yellow • Flower Conspicuous: No

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 6400 • Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit: Solitary seeds, slightly compressed , round and flessy, red. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Low • Fruit/Seed Color: Red • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: Yes • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Summer foliage: Spirally arranged needle-like leaves, appears to be two-ranked if grown in. shade. 0.5" to 1.25" long and up to 0.25" wide, convexed and has a prominent . midrib . Dark green color to leaves. Leave apex has a horny point . Stems have brownish scales at base . • Fall foliage: No fall color, evergreen . • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Medium • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 2.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 2 • Size: 30' to 50' tall and 20' wide. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Moderate • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: For parks. Gardens. In shade. Cultivars can be used as understory shrubs . Hedges . Screens . In groupings or mass plantings . Topiary. Decoration. • Liabilities: Toxic . Not as cold hardy as other Taxus. Strong winds can cause desiccation in winter months. Taxus scale. Mealybugs.

Habitat

Zone 6, zone 5 in protected sites.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,582 meters (0 to 8,471 feet).[2]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: PH adaptable. Prefers moist, well-drained, soil. Does well in sun or shade. Keep out of windswept sites. Does not like extreme cold or extreme heat. Transplants easily.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: Medium • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium • Minimum pH: 5.4 • Maximum pH: 7.3 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun . • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High • Minimum Precipitation: 32 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Low

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -33°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 100 • Cold Hardiness: 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Order: Pinales () - Knoblauch, in Warming, 1890
        Family: Taxaceae () - S.F. Gray, 1821, nom. cons. - Yew Family
        Subfamily: Iridoideae ()
        Tribe: Spiraeeae ()
        Genus: Taxus () - C. Linnaeus, 1753
        Specific epithet: baccata - L.
        Botanical name: - Taxus baccata L.

Synonyms

Taxus baccata eubaccata Pilg. • Taxus baccifera Theophr. Ex Bubani • Taxus communis J. Nelson • Taxus lugubris Salisb. • Taxus pectinata Gilib.

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Taxus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 51 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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London parks and gardens, by the Honble Mrs. Evelyn Cecil (Alicia Amherst). .. With illustrations by Lady Victoria Manners. .. New York: Dutton, 1907. url p. 374.
London trees. Being an account of the trees that succeed in London, with a descriptive account of each species and notes on their comparative value and cultivation. With guide to where the finest London trees may b by A. D. Webster. London, The Swarthmore Press, 1920. url p. 210, p. 218, p. ix.
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Oxford gardens, based upon Daubeny's Popular guide to the physick garden of Oxford: with notes on the gardens of the colleges and on the University park, by R. T. Gnther. Oxford: Parker & son; [etc., etc.], 1912. url p. 259, p. 36, p. 37.
Photosynthesis / by H. A. Spoehr. New York: The Chemical catalog company, inc., 1926. url p. 174.
Physiological plant anatomy, tr. by Montagu Drummond. London, MacMillan, 1914. url p. 144, p. 316, p. 680.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 37, p. 46, p. 488, p. 489.
Plant physiology; a textbook for colleges and universities, by Bernard S. Meyer. .. and Donald B. Anderson. .. New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, inc., 1939. url p. 177, p. 237.
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Plant-geography upon a physiological basis. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903. url p. 563.
Plant-life, by Charles A. Hall, with 74 full-page illus., 24 being from photos. by the author and 50 in colour from drawings by C. F. Newall. London, A. & C. Black, 1915. url .
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Plant-life, ill. by the author and C.F. Newall. London, Black, 1915. url p. 378.
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Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany, by Frederick Leroy Sargent with numerous illustrations. New York, H. Holt and company, 1913. url p. 213, p. 213.
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Poisonous plants of the Midwest / [Urbana]: Dept. of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois, 1983. url p. 11.
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Popular names of flowers, fruits, &c., as used in the county of Somerset and the adjacent parts of Devon, Dorset and Wilts. Yeovil, Western Gazette, 1922. url p. 211, p. 252, p. 75.
Practical botany, by F. Cavers. .. London, W.B. Clive, University Tutorial Press Ld, 1911. url p. 383.
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Practical landscape gardening; the importance of careful planning, locating the house, arrangement of walks and drives, construction of walks and drives, lawns and terraces, how to plant a property, laying out a flower garden, arch by Robert B. Cridland. New York, A.T. De La Mare Company, inc., 1918. url p. 265, p. 267.
Price list of chemical and bacteriological apparatus, chemicals and reagents manufactured and sold by Baird [and] Tatlock (London) Ltd. London, Baird [and] Tatlock, 1914. url p. 849.
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Rock gardening for amateurs, by H. H. Thomas assisted by S. Arnott; beautifully illustrated with twelve direct colour photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke, sixty-four half-tone plates and numerous sketches. London, Cassell and company, limited, 1914. url p. 276.
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Science progress in the twentieth century: a quarterly journal of scientific work & thought. London: John Murray, 1906-1916. url p. 322, p. 340.
Scientific side-lights, illustrating thousands of topics by selections from standard works of the masters of science throughout the world. .. comp. by James C. Fernald. and London, Funk & Wagnalls company, 1903 [1902] url p. 22.
Seaside planting of trees and shrubs. By Alfred Gaut, F.R.H.S. Illustrated from photographs by Frank Sutcliffe. London, C. Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 98.
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Shade and ornamental trees of California, by Merritt B. Pratt, state forester. Sacramento?1922? url p. 132, p. 42, p. 42, p. 43.
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Special report on diseases of cattle. By Drs. Atkinson, Dickson, Eichhorn, Hickman, Law, Lowe, Marsh, Mohler, Murray, Pearson, Ransom, Trumbower, and Woodward. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1923. url p. 65.
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Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 130, p. 251, p. 490, p. 534.
Strasburger's Text-book of botany. Rewritten by Dr. Hans Fitting. .. Dr. Ludwig Jost. .. Dr. Heinrich Schenck. .. Dr. George Karsten. London, Macmillan, 1921. url p. 566, p. 594, p. 602, p. 773, p. 799, p. 97.
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The British nature book; a complete handbook and guide to British nature study, embracing the mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, plants, etc., in the United Kingdom, by S.N. Sedgwick. .. Edinburgh, T.C. & E.C. Jack, Ltd., 1922. url p. 445.
The English flower garden and home grounds: design and arrangement shown by existing examples of gardens in Great Britain and Ireland, followed by a description of the plants, shrubs, and trees for the open-air garden and their culture / by W. Robinson. London: J. Murray, 1911. url p. 884.
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The book of hardy flowers; a simple and complete descriptive guide to the cultivation in gardens of the trees and shrubs, perennial and annual flowers, that are hardy, or are suitable for planting out-of-doors in summer in temp Ed. by H. H. Thomas. .. Beautifully illustrated with thirty-two direct color photographs by H. Essenhigh Corke and sixty-four half-tone plates. 1915 New York, Funk & Wagnalls company; [etc., etc.][1915] url p. 433, p. 434.
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The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 114, p. 322, p. 322, p. 327, p. 327, p. 339, p. 339.
The complete grazier and farmers' and cattlebreeders' assistant. .. originally written by William Youatt. .. considerably enlarged and mainly rewritten in 1893 and 1900 by William Fream. .. London, C. Lockwood and son, 1908. url p. 860.
The complete home landscape, by Arthur J. Jennings, in collaboration with Leonard H. Johnson. New York, A. T. De La Mare, 1924. url p. 144, p. 146.
The conifers and taxads of Japan. Issued December 30, 1916. CambridgeUniversity Press1916 url p. 10, p. 11, p. 13, p. 9.
The cultivated evergreens; a handbook of the coniferous and most important broad-leaved evergreens planted for ornament in the United States and Canada, edited by L. H. Bailey. London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1923. url p. 119, p. 409, p. 412, p. 76.
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The fundamentals of fruit production, by Victor Ray Gardner, Frederick Charles Bradford and Henry Daggett Hooker, jr. New York [etc.]McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1922. url p. 27.
The garden beautiful in California; Los Angeles, Cal., Cultivator publishing co., 1915. url p. 46.
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The gardener's third year, trees, vines and shrubs, by Alfred Bates; illustrations by the author. New York, Longmans, Green and co., 1941. url p. 290.
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The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. url p. 574, p. 905.
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The natural history & antiquities of Selborne in the county of Southampton, by Gilbert White, with illustrations in colour by George Edward Collins... London: Macmillan and co., limited, 1911. url p. 389.
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The romance of our trees, by Ernest H. Wilson, illustrated from photographs. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1920. url p. 277.
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The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1181, p. 2703, p. 3314, p. 3315, p. 3316, p. 352, p. 372, p. 380, p. 715.
The study of the evergreens in the public schools. Prepared by Clarence M. Weed, under the direction of F.W. Rane, state forester. Boston, Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1908. url p. 26.
The timbers of commerce and their identification, London, W. Rider & son, limited, 1918. url , , , .
The tree book: A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920. url p. 575.
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Town planting and the trees, shrubs, herbaceous and other plants that are best adapted for resisting smoke. London: E.P. Dutton & co., [1910] url p. 211.
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Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society. Sapporo, Japan, Sapporo Natural History Society, Hokkaido Imperial University. url .
Transpiration and the ascent of sap in plants. London, Macmillan, 1914. url p. 107, p. 126, p. 133, p. 30, p. 31, p. 41.
Tree, Shrub & fruit seeds... S.l.:s.n., 1910? url .
Trees & shrubs for English gardens. [London]"Country life", 1908. url p. 376.
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Trees and shrubs of Prospect park, New York, The Greenwich printing company[c1906] url p. 157, p. 187, p. 24, p. 39, p. 41.
Trees and shrubs of the British Isles; native and acclimatised, LondonDent1909 url , p. 198, p. 243, p. 27, p. 28, p. 30, p. 31.
Trees and shrubs, hardy in the British isles. LondonJ. Murray1914 url p. 579, p. 581, p. 582, p. 64.
Trees and their life histories. Illustrated from photographs by Henry Irving. LondonCassell1909 url p. 137, p. 407.
Trees for Long Island. [S.l.:s.n.], 1908. url p. 51.
Trees: a woodland notebook containing observations on certain British and exotic trees / by Sir Herbert Maxwell; illustrated with photographs by Mr. Henry Irving and others. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, Publishers to the University, 1915. url p. 205.
Trees; a handbook of forest-botany for the woodlands and the laboratory Cambridge, At the University press url p. 138, p. 270.
Types of British vegetation, Cambridge, University Press, 1911. url , , , , .
Useful plants and drugs of Iran and Iraq / by David Hooper. With notes by Henry Field. 9 1937 Chicago, 1937. url p. 102, p. 176, p. 219, p. 238, p. 241.
Vegetation of the Peak District / C. E. Moss. Cambridge: University Press, 1913. url p. 138, p. 14, p. 69, p. 71.
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Vernacular list of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers in the Madras Presidency. Madras, Printed by the Superintendant, Government Press, 1915. url p. 1033, p. 1034, p. 430.
Water in the physiology of plants, by A. S. Crafts, H. B. Currier and C. R. Stocking. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1949. url p. 239.
Webster's Practical forestry: a popular handbook on the rearing and growth of trees for profit or ornament / by A.D. Webster. London: W. Rider & son, limited, [1917] url p. 136, p. 137, p. 138.
Webster's practical forestry: a popular handbook on the rearing and growth of trees for profit or ornament. By A.D. Webster. .. London, W. Rider & Son, Limited[pref. 1905] url p. 54, p. 55, p. 56, p. 92.
Westbury nurseries and the Hicks patent treemovers... [S.l.:s.n.], 1904. url p. 44.
Wood; a manual of the natural history and industrial applications of the timbers of commerce. LondonE. Arnold1908 url .
Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chu Cheng-de. 1978. Taxaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 437-467.

Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
Conifer Database 2006.
Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Taxus baccata. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 11, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 46 providers.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
Institute of Dendrology PAS, Institute of Dendrology PAS, Flora of Sudety Mountains
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
NLBIF, Limnodata
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum - Herbarium GJO, Herbarium GJO
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-4271
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5304283
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263788-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 80070
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 194883
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 263786-1
IUCN ID: 245453
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGTXA01040
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TABA80
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 64986

Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Nan Li & Robert R. Mill "Taxaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 89. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 120.910 meters (396.686 feet), Standard Deviation = 146.690 based on 10,881 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Taxus baccata

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Taxaceae

Physical Description

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Similar Species

Members of the genus Taxus

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes