Taxodium distichum

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Cupressaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , monoecious or dioecious. Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, scalelike and then often dimorphic with flattened facial leaves and keeled lateral leaves, or needlelike particularly in juvenile plants , often with an abaxial resin gland . Pollen cones terminal or axillary , solitary, maturing and shed annually; microsporophylls 6-16, decussate or whorled , each bearing (2 or) 3-6(-9) pollen sacs ; pollen wingless. Seed cones usually terminal, solitary, globose , ovoid , or oblong , dehiscent or indehiscent when mature in 1st or 2nd(or 3rd) year; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts almost completely enveloped by cone scales, free only at apex; ovules 1-numerous per bract axil, erect ; cone scales of mature cones 3-16, flat or peltate, woody, leathery, or succulent, 1-20-seeded. Seeds winged or not; wings derived from seed coat . Cotyledons usually 2, rarely 3-6. Germination epigeal.

Nineteen genera and ca. 125 species: worldwide; eight genera (one introduced ) and 46 species (16 endemic, 13 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Taxodium

Trees deciduous or evergreen . Branchlets terete . Lateral roots commonly producing erect , irregularly conic to rounded "knees" in periodically flooded habitats . Leaves alternate, in 2 ranks or not. Adult leaves divergent to strongly appressed , linear or linear-lanceolate to deltate, generally flattened, free portion to ca. 17 mm; abaxial glands absent. Pollen cones with 10--20 sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--10 pollen sacs . Seed cones maturing and shattering in 1 season , nearly globose ; scales falling early, 5--10, valvate , ± peltate, thin and woody. Seeds (1--) 2 per scale, irregularly 3-angled, wingless; cotyledons 4--9. x = 11.

Species 1(--3) : North America, Mexico, Central America in Guatemala.

The pollen cones are usually borne at the base of alternate leaves, forming pendent axillary panicles; they occur less commonly singly or in racemes .

Taxodium is variously treated as one to three species but treated here as one polymorphic species with two varieties in the flora . A third taxon tentatively accorded varietal rank--- Taxodium distichum (Linnaeus) Richard var. mexicanum Gordon (= Taxodium mucronatum Tenore) ---and recognized by some authors as occurring within our range , appears to differ only in minor phenological characters. Whether or not populations from farther south in Mexico and Guatemala differ sufficiently for formal taxonomic recognition at any rank has yet to be determined.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: As a lawn tree . For shade. For decoration. Useful is wet sites. Works well at pond edges . Shows well in groupings or groves. Airy foliage texture useful. • Liabilities: A number of diseases and insects can attack weakened trees . Typically trouble free . Perhaps spider mites pose the greatest threat in Connecticut. • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

North America, Mexico, Central America in Guatemala. [source]

Cold hardy in zone 5, perhaps warmer zone 4. Generally found in wet swampy areas, often in standing water .

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,852 meters (0 to 15,919 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 15-20' apart.

Soil: Adaptable to wet or dry soil. • Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Water Requirements: Forms knees in wet areas.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 12 (>210 days) Low:5 (>30 to 45 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Basionym : Cupressaceae Cupressus disticha L.

Basionym author: (L.)

Was formerly included under the family Taxodiaceae. The Taxodiaceae is now merged with Cupressaceae (see Farjon 2001).[4].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Taxodium

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 15 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

T. ascendens 'Debonair' (Pond Cypress) · T. ascendens 'Prairie Sentinel' (Pond Cypress) · T. distichum (Bald Cypress) · T. distichum formapendens (Bald Cypress) · T. distichum var. distichum (Swamp Cypress) · T. distichum var. imbricarium 'Nutans' (Nodding Pond Cypress) · T. distichum var. imbricatum (Pond Cypress) · T. distichum var. imbricatum 'Prairie Sentinel' (Prairie Sentinel Bald-Cypress) · T. distichum 'Cascade Falls' (Weeping Bald Cypress) · T. distichum 'Monarch of Illinois' (Bald Cypress) · T. distichum 'Nelson' (Bald Cypress) · T. distichum 'Peve Minaret' (Pave Minaret Bald Cypress) · T. distichum 'Secrest' (Bald Cypress) · T. distichum 'Shawnee Brave' (Bald Cypress) · T. mucronatum (Montezuma Bald Cypress)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Conifer Database, 2006.
• Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Taxodium distichum. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 7 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• "Taxodium distichum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
• United States National Arboretum, Washington D.C.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 19, 2007:

• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests, Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Dirección General de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación de la Junta de Extremadura(DGIDTI): HSS
• GBIF-Spain, Jardi Botanic de Valencia: VAL
• GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Yale University Peabody Museum, Yale Peabody Museum - Invertebrate Paleontology DiGIR provider service

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2645037
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-3831
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5194646
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263758-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 80066
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 183433
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 263758-1
• IUCN ID: 245451
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGTXO04010 PGTXO04020
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: TADIN
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 187

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon "Cupressaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Frank D. Watson "Taxodium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 107.440 meters (352.493 feet), Standard Deviation = 325.770 based on 751 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
4. Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Taxodium distichum. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 February 2012. ... [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.