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Stephanomeria elata

(Santa Barbara Wirelettuce)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Santa Barbara Wirelettuce, Nuttall's Wirelettuce

Description

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Family Compositae

The largest family of flowering plants , the Compositae (Asteraceae), comprising about 1,100 genera and more than 20,000 species and characterized by many small flowers arranged in a head looking like a single flower and subtended by an involucre of bracts. A head may consist of both ray flowers and disk flowers, as in the sunflower, of disk flowers only, as in the burdock, or of ray flowers only, as in the dandelion.

Tribe Lactuceae

The Lactuceae are a tribe of closely related genera of the sunflower family that are easily recognized because the flowering heads are composed of wholly of ligulate florets that are usually 5-lobed. Another very distinguishing feature is the milky sap . Although not apparent without magnification, the pollen is distinctive in that the spines are more or less restricted to discrete ridges or flanges on the surface of the grain. In other members of the family the spines are distributed more or less evenly over the surface of the pollen grain . The pappus usually consists of scales or stiff hairs . -- Gerald D. Carr.

Genus Stephanomeria

Annuals , 10-200 cm, taprooted, or perennials , 10-100 cm. with deeply seated, woody caudices or stout or slender, creeping rhizomes. Stems (1-8) erect , simple or branched, usually glabrous , sometimes hairy (especially when young). Leaves basal (withered at flowering in annuals and some perennials) and/or cauline (much reduced, bractlike in annuals and some perennials) ; usually sessile; blades linear to oblong , oblanceolate , or spatulate , usually runcinate, margins usually pinnately lobed (spinulose-tipped in S. parryi), sometimes entire or toothed (S. lactucina, S. tenuifolia, and S. fluminea (faces glabrous, puberulent , or tomentose ) ; distal bractlike (to 45 mm in S. fluminea). Heads borne singly or clustered (in paniculiform arrays in some subspecies of S. exigua). Peduncles not inflated distally, sometimes bracteate . Calyculi of 3-5, unequal bractlets (more numerous in some perennials; not distinguishable in S. cichoriacea), appressed or reflexed (some annuals). Involucres ± cylindric to turbinate , 2-3(-5+) mm diam. Phyllaries usually 5-12 in 1 series, equal (20-25 in 2-3 series, unequal in S. cichoriacea, usually glabrous, rarely puberulent, densely stipitate-glandular in S. exigua subsp. deanei). Receptacles flat, usually smooth (pitted in S. cichoriacea), glabrous, epaleate. Florets (4-) 5-16; corollas usually pink or lavender, sometimes white (annuals often purple-tinged abaxially). Cypselae light tan to dark brown, columnar , sometimes slightly curved , 5-angled, apices truncate , faces equal, sometimes with ribs between faces, each face with central, narrow, longitudinal groove or furrow (not grooved in S. virgata), otherwise smooth or bumpy to tuberculate , usually glabrous (scaberulous in S. fluminea) ; pappi persistent (or only widened bases of bristles persistent after distal portions break off) or falling, of 5-40, distinct or basally connate in groups, white to tan, wholly or distally plumose bristles in 1 series. x = 8.

Species 16: w North America, n Mexico.

Because all the species of Stephanomeria have not previously been examined at one time, the present treatment provides the first unified picture of their variability, ecologic specializations, and geographic distributions. The genus includes six annual species (all in the flora ) and ten perennial species (eight in the flora, one in the mountains of northern Baja California, and one known only from Guadalupe Island, Mexico).

Taxonomic distinctions among annual species of Stephanomeria did not become evident until their morphology and geographic distributions were correlated with their chromosome numbers and reproductive compatibilities (L. D. Gottlieb 1971, 1972). The same studies also provided an hypothesis that satisfactorily accounted for their variability. Studies showed that S. exigua and S. virgata differed for a relatively large number of characters and that other annual species originated from genetic segregates that were formed by hybridization, at both diploid and tetraploid levels, as well as directly from S. exigua.

Stephanomeria exigua has five subspecies; S. virgata has two. Within each species, the subspecies share numerous morphologic features as well as chromosomal karyotype . They are recognized as polytypic because reproductive compatibility between any pair of subspecies of S. exigua or between subspecies of S. virgata is substantially higher than is the compatibility between the two species. The two species appear to represent a fundamental phylogenetic divergence within annuals; nevertheless their different features are combined in different ways in S. elata and S. diegensis.

Stephanomeria paniculata and S. malheurensis probably evolved more or less directly from S. exigua subsp. coronaria. The speciation process that gave rise to S. malheurensis (L. D. Gottlieb 1978) has been examined in a series of studies (Gottlieb 1973b, 1977, 1979; S. Brauner and Gottlieb 1987, 1989). The origin of the highly self-pollinating S. paniculata may have been similar but much less evidence is available. Stephanomeria malheurensis has served as a model for reintroduction of a species back into its original habitat after local extinction , in its case by competition from invasive cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum).

Information about evolution and speciation is not so available for the perennials as for the annuals. Treatment of perennials is based almost entirely on examination of herbarium specimens plus published information describing their chromosome numbers. Although little is known about phylogenetic relationships among perennial species of Stephanomeria, a recent DNA sequencing study of nuclear rDNA (J. Lee et al. 2002) showed that the genus does not include either Munzothamnus blairii (previously S. blairii) or Pleiacanthus spinosus (previously S. spinosa). Without them, Stephanomeria is a well-supported, monophyletic group of species.

The DNA analysis suggested that Stephanomeria tenuifolia, S. runcinata, S. fluminea, and S. thurberi comprise a subclade. Those four species are perennial and all have fully plumose , white pappus bristles. They differ markedly in their ecologic specializations, as indicated in their treatments below. The DNA studies also showed a very close relationship between S. malheurensis and S. exigua subsp. coronaria consistent with results of previous studies (cited above). It is to be hoped that taxonomic information presented below will make species of Stephanomeria more easily accessible to continuing studies.[1]

Physical Description

Species Stephanomeria elata

Annuals , 50-150 cm. Stems single, branches ascending or spreading , glabrous , puberulent , or glandular-pubescent . Leaves withered at flowering (glabrous or puberulent) ; basal blades linear to oblanceolate , runcinate, 3-10 cm, margins pinnately lobed . cauline much reduced, bractlike. Heads borne singly or clustered along branches. Peduncles 3-7 mm. Calyculi of usually reflexed , rarely appressed bractlets . Involucres 5-7 mm (glabrous, puberulent, or stipitate-glandular ). Florets 9-15. Cypselae light tan to dark brown, 2.8-4.5 mm, faces smooth to strongly tuberculate , grooved ; pappi of 17-22 white or tan bristles (falling or widened bases persistent , bases connate in groups of 2-4, distal portions breaking off), wholly plumose . 2n = 32. [source]

All the tetraploid populations of annual stephanomerias are placed into Stephanomeria elata. The plants are self-compatible and are highly self-pollinating. Stephanomeria elata is an allotetraploid species that arose following hybridization between S. exigua and S. virgata (L. D. Gottlieb 1972). Substantial interpopulation morphologic variability occurs in the length , width , and color of ligules, number of florets , and degree of reflexing of bractlets of the calyculi. Two groups of populations can be distinguished. One group has large cypselae, averaging 3.9-4.5 mm, the bristle bases are widened, and about 30% of the pollen grains have four pores . The second group has smaller cypselae, averaging 2.8-3.3 mm, the bristle bases are not widened, and less than 10% of the pollen grains have four pores. The former group of populations is generally found from southwestern Oregon south to Monterey County in the Coast Ranges of California and on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Fresno County. The latter group is distributed near the coast from Marin County to Santa Barbara County, California. The two groups overlap in Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, and Monterey counties; the distinctions are less evident there. [source]

Stephanomeria elata and its parents S. exigua and S. virgata form a polyploid complex that perplexed taxonomists for many years. Once the morphologic distinctions between parental species were clarified (L. D. Gottlieb 1972), particularly, the presence versus absence of the longitudinal groove on each face of their cypselae that distinguishes S. exigua and S. elata from S. virgata, and the allotetraploidy of S. elata was recognized, it has become much simpler to distinguish the three species in the field . [source]

Habit: Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: July, August, September, October.

Habitat

Chaparral openings, grassy meadows, forest openings, roadsides, often growing as weed ; 100-1400 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,975 meters (0 to 6,480 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Annual

Taxonomy

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Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Stephanomeria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 27 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

S. blairii (Blair's Wirelettuce) · S. cichoriacea (Chicoryleaf Wirelettuce) · S. diegensis (Wreathplant) · S. elata (Santa Barbara Wirelettuce) · S. exigua (Small Wirelettuce) · S. exigua deanei (Deane's Wirelettuce) · S. exigua exigua (Small Wirelettuce) · S. exigua macrocarpa (Small Wirelettuce) · S. lactucina (Creeping Wirelettuce) · S. lygodesmoides (Skeleton Wirelettuce) · S. malheurensis (Malheur Wire Lettuce) · S. minor (Lesser Wirelettuce) · S. minor var. minor (Narrowleaf Wirelettuce) · S. minor var. myrioclada (Narrowleaf Wirelettuce) · S. minor var. uintensis (Uinta Wirelettuce) · S. paniculata (Tufted Wirelettuce) · S. parryi (Parry Wire Lettuce) · S. pauciflora (Brownplume Wirelettuce) · S. pauciflora var. Pauciflora (Wire-Lettuce) · S. runcinata (Desert Wirelettuce) · S. schottii (Schott Wire Lettuce) · S. spinosa (Spiny Skeletonweed) · S. tenuifolia var. tenuifolia (Narrowleaf Wirelettuce) · S. thurberi (Thurber Wire Lettuce) · S. virgata (Rod Wirelettuce) · S. virgata pleurocarpa (Wand Wirelettuce) · S. wrightii (Wright's Wirelettuce)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 21, 2007:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. L. D. Gottlieb "Stephanomeria". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 219, 349, 350, 351, 354, 360, 361, 370. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  2. "Stephanomeria elata". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 351, 352, 353. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
  3. Mean = 439.980 meters (1,443.504 feet), Standard Deviation = 512.980 based on 65 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
Last Revised: 7/15/2012