Stenotaphrum secundatum

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Poaceae

Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos . Flowering stems (culms ) jointed , internodes hollow or solid; branches arising singly from nodes and subtended by a leaf sheath and 2-keeled prophyll, often fascicled in bamboos. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks , differentiated into sheath, blade , and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule) ; leaf sheath surrounding and supporting culm-internode, split to base or infrequently tubular with partially or completely fused margins , modified with reduced blade in bamboos (culm sheaths) ; leaf blades divergent, usually long, narrow and flat, but varying from inrolled and filiform to ovate , veins parallel, sometimes with cross-connecting veinlets (especially in bamboos) ; ligule membranous or a line of hairs . Inflorescence terminal or axillary , an open, contracted , or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis, or digitate, paired , or occasionally solitary; axillary inflorescences often many, subtended by spatheoles (specialized bladeless leaf sheaths) and gathered into a leafy compound panicle; spikelets often aggregated into complex clusters in bamboos. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla) ; typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes ) empty, subtending 1 to many florets ; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla (callus) ; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn ), glumes also sometimes awned . Flowers bisexual or unisexual ; lodicules (small scales representing perianth) 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy ; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, or more in some bamboos, hypogynous, filaments capillary , anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos; embryo small or large; hilum punctate to linear .

About 700 genera and 11,000 species: widely distributed in all regions of the world.[1]

Genus Stenotaphrum

Annuals or perennials , stoloniferous . Leaf blades linear to narrowly lanceolate; ligule ciliate . Inflorescence of very short racemes bearing a few sessile spikelets ; racemes arranged singly and sunk in pockets on one or both sides of a foliaceous or corky axis, variously disarticulating at maturity, raceme rachis ending in a point . Spikelets ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; glumes both short or the upper equal to spikelet, membranous; lower floret staminate or neuter , lemma as long as the spikelet, usually coriaceous , rarely papery , smooth , acute; upper lemma slightly shorter than lower lemma, papery, rarely coriaceous, margins flat. x = 9.

Seven species: tropics and subtropics, mostly on seashores or near the coast from the Indian Ocean to SE Asia and the Pacific Ocean, one species pantropical; three species (one introduced ) in China.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Cultivated as lawn grass [3].

Typically found in the intertidal zone at the water's edge at a mean distance from sea level of -76 meters (-250 feet).[4]

Biology

Growth

Culture: Space 3-6" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11. (map)

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Ischaemum ciliare Retz.
2. Ischaemum secundatum Walter, Fl. Carol. 249. 1788.
3. Phleum indicum Houtt.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000.

Place of publication : Revis. gen. pl. 2:794. 1891

Name verified on 16-Feb-2000 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 18-Oct-2001

Similar Species

Members of the genus Stenotaphrum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 29 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

S. americanum · S. clavigerum · S. complanatum · S. compressum · S. dimidiatum · S. dimidiatum var. americanum · S. dimidiatum var. secundatum · S. diplotaphrum · S. glabrum · S. glabrum var. americanum · S. helferi · S. koenigii · S. lepturoides · S. madagascariense · S. micranthum · S. oostachyum · S. sarmentosum · S. secondatum · S. secumdatum · S. secundatum (St. Augustine Grass) · S. secundatum 'Floratam' (St. Augustine Grass) · S. secundatum 'Palmetto' (St. Augustine Grass) · S. secundatum var. secundatum · S. secundatum var. variegatum (St Augustine Grass) · S. secundatum 'Variegatum' · S. secundum · S. subulatum · S. swartzianum · S. unilaterale

More Info

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Further Reading

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• Brako, L. and J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45. (L Peru)
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 142, p. 403.
• Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 30 1903 New York: Torrey Botanical Club, 1870- ENG url p. 384.
• Bulletin, Gulf Biologic Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana State Board of Agriculture and Immigration., 1902-1910. ENG url p. 13.
• Burkill, H. M. 1994. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. (Use Pl WT Afr) 2:366.
• CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY (Grass weeds 1. 1980, 2. 1981; Monocot weeds 3. 1982; Dicot weeds 1. 1988) (Weed CIBA)
• Catasús Guerra, L. J. Cavanillesia Altera
• Correll, D. S. and H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama archipelago. (F Bahamas)
• Davidse, G. et al., eds. 1994. Flora mesoamericana. (F Mesoamer)
• Exell, A. W. et al., eds. 1960 –. Flora zambesiaca. (F Zamb)
• FNA Editorial Committee. 1993 –. Flora of North America. (F NAmer)
• Family #15, Gramineae / Richard W. Pohl. [Chicago]: Field Museum of Natural History, 1980. ENG url p. 11, p. 20, p. 549, p. 550, p. 606.
• Flora of Bermuda by Nathaniel Lord Britton New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1918. ENG url p. 24.
• Flora of Costa Rica by Paul C. Standley Chicago, 1937. ENG url p. 92.
• Flora of Guatemala: part II: grasses of Guatemala / Jason R. Swallen; Bamboos / F.A. McClure. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Natural History Museum, 1955. ENG url p. 350, p. 351.
• Flora of Yucatan, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. ENG url p. 209.
• Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, by Paul C. Standley. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1931. ENG url p. 101.
• Görts-van Rijn, A. R. A., ed. 1986 –. Flora of the Guianas. (F Guianas)
• Gibbs-Russell, G. E. et al. 1990. Grasses of southern Africa. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa vol. 58. (Grass SAfr)
• Gould, F. W. 1975. The grasses of Texas. (Grass Tex)
• Grasses of the West Indies. By A. S. Hitchcock and Agnes Chase. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1917. ENG url p. 356, p. 406, p. 413, p. 416, p. 417, p. 418, p. 419, p. 423, p. 425, p. 426, p. 429, p. 434, p. 438, p. 440, p. 441, p. 454, p. 455, p. 456, p. 457, p. 458, p. 463, p. 465, p. 466, p. 469.
• Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11. (L Aust)
• Howard, R. 1974 –1989. Flora of the lesser Antilles. (F LAnt)
• Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. (Dict Gard)
• Illinois biological monographs. Urbana, Univ. of Illinois Press. ENG url p. 534.
• Inventory of seeds and plants imported / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1914-1924. ENG url p. 181.
• Jørgensen, P. M. and S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75. (L Ecuador)
• Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 38 1957 Cambridge, Mass.: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University [etc.], 1919- ENG url p. 416, p. 9.
• Just's botanischer jahresbericht. Systematisch geordnetes repertorium der botanischen literatur aller länder. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger, 1874-98; GER url p. 232.
• Lazarides, M. 1980. The tropical grasses of Southeast Asia. (Grass SEAs)
• León (J. S. Sauget) and Alain (E. E. Liogier). 1946 –1962. Flora de Cuba.; suppl. 1969 (F CubaLeon)
• Mannetje, L. 't and R. M. Jones, eds. 1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). (Pl Res SEAs) 4:208.
• Manual of the grasses of the United States / by A.S. Hitchcock. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1935. ENG url p. 5, p. 565, p. 962.
• Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2. (Food Feed Crops US)
• McVaugh, R. 1983 –. Flora Novo-Galiciana. (F NGalicia)
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931- ENG url p. 110.
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• Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. (Dict Rehm)
• Revision of the genus Cosmos, by Earl Edward Sherff... Chicago, Ill.:Field Museum of Natural History, 1932. ENG url p. 467.
• Sauer, J. D. 1972. Revision of Stenotaphrum (Gramineae: Paniceae) with attention to its historical geography. Brittonia 24:210.
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• Chen Shouliang, Jin Yuexing, Zhuang Tide, Fang Wenzhe, Sheng Guoying, Liu Liang, Wu Zhenlan, Lu Shenglian, Sun Bisin, Hu Zhihao, Wang Song, Sun Xiangzhong, Wang Huiqin, Yang Xilin, Wang Chaopin, Li Binggui & Wen Shaobin. 1990. Gramineae (Poaceae) (4). In: Chen Shouliang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 10(1):1401
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 22, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 30 providers.
• "Stenotaphrum secundatum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 538. Published by Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 28, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 22, 2007:

• Australian National Herbarium
• , Australian National Herbarium
• Berkeley Natural History Museums, University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• GBIF-Spain, Real Jardin Botanico
• , Vascular Plant Herbarium
• GBIF-Spain, Universidad de Extremadura, UNEX
• Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
• Herbier de la Guyane, Herbier de la Guyane
• Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
• , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• National Herbarium of New South Wales, NSW herbarium collection
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Galapagos grasses and sedges
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, MEXU/Plantas Vasculares
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2662010
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-42157
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13754284
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:76532-3
• GRIN Nomen Number: 35523
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 42157
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ISSE3
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 44502

Footnotes

1. Shou-liang Chen, De-Zhu Li, Guanghua Zhu, Zhenlan Wu, Sheng-lian Lu, Liang Liu, Zheng-ping Wang, Bi-xing Sun, Zheng-de Zhu, Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, Zhenhua Guo, Wenli Chen, Xiang Chen, Yang Guangyao, Sylvia M. Phillips, Chris Stapleton, Robert J. Soreng, Susan G. Aiken, Nikolai N. Tzvelev, Paul M. Peterson, Stephen A. Renvoize, Marina V. Olonova & Klaus Ammann "Poaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Stenotaphrum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 499, 538. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Stenotaphrum secundatum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 538. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Standard Deviation = 856.330 based on 360 observations. Terrestrial altitude and ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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