Stellaria holostea

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Caryophyllaceae

Herbs annual or perennial , rarely subshrubs or shrubs . Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate , simple , entire, usually connate at base ; stipules scarious , bristly , or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes , capitula, pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual , occasionally cleistogamous . Sepals (4 or) 5, free , imbricate, or connate into a tube , leaflike or scarious, persistent , sometimes bracteate below calyx. Petals (4 or) 5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2--) 5--10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2--5, united into a compound ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2--5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free, central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous , campylotropous. Styles (1 or) 2--5, sometimes united at base. Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous , scarious, or papery , dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 Ã as many as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform , ovoid , or rarely dorsiventrally compressed , abaxially grooved , blunt , or sharply pointed , rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular , striate or tuberculate , rarely smooth or spongy ; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but eccentric ; perisperm mealy.

Between 75 and 80 genera and ca. 2000 species: widespread but mainly of temperate or warm-temperate occurrence in the N hemisphere, with principal centers of distribution in the Mediterranean region and W Asia to W China and the Himalayas, fewer species in Africa S of the Sahara, America, and Oceania; 30 genera (two endemic) and 390 species (193 endemic) in China.

Arenaria, Silene, and Stellaria contain over half the species in the family in China. They are mostly concentrated in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau , and are especially rich from the Hengduan Mountains to the Himalayas. The main uses of this family are medicinal and ornamental . Dianthus superbus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata, and Vaccaria hispanica are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine . Some species of Arenaria, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Psammosilene, and Silene are used as medicinal herbs among the people or are habitually used in local Chinese medicine. Many species of Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene are grown as ornamentals. Atocion armeria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ( Silene armeria Linnaeus), native to Russia and Europe, is also cultivated in China. It differs from Silene in having a corymbose inflorescence and obscure calyx veins. Wu Cheng-yih, Ke Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Tang Chang-lin & Lu De-quan. 1996. Caryophyllaceae. In: Tang Chang-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 47â449.[1]

Genus Stellaria

Plants annual , winter annual , or perennial . Taproots usually slender, perennial taxa often rhizomatous , rooting at nodes. Stems prostrate to ascending or erect , simple or branched, terete or 4-angled. Leaves sometimes connate basally into sheath , often sessile; blade 1-veined, linear or lanceolate to ovate or deltate, succulent (S. crassifolia [gemmae], S. fontinalis, S. humifusa, and S. irrigua) or not, apex acute or obtuse . Inflorescences terminal , open cymes, rarely axillary (S. alsine, S. americana) or umbellate (S. umbellata), or terminal or axillary solitary flowers; bracts paired (1 in S. dicranoides), foliaceous , scarious and reduced, or absent. Pedicels erect, sometimes reflexed in fruit, glabrous or pubescent , not glandular . Flowers usually bisexual (S. dicranoides unisexual ) ; perianth and androecium hypogynous or weakly perigynous; hypanthium cup- or disc-shaped; sepals (4-) 5, distinct , green, occasionally purple tinged (S. irrigua) or red proximally (S. pallida), lanceolate to ovate-triangular, 2-12 mm, herbaceous (rarely coriaceous ), margins often white, scarious, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse, not hooded ; petals (1-) 5 or absent, white (sometimes translucent in S. borealis), not clawed, blade apex 2-fid usually for 3- 5 its length (S. holostea occasionally laciniate ) ; nectaries at base of filaments opposite sepals usually present, disc sometimes prominent ; stamens (1-) 5 or 10 or absent, arising from nectariferous disc (prominent in S. dicranoides and S. irrigua) at ovary base; filaments distinct; staminodes absent; styles [2-]3(-5), capitate to clavate , 0.2-7 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas [2-]3(-5), terminal or subterminal , papillate (30×). Capsules globose to conic, opening by 3 or 6, occasionally 4, 8, or 10 ascending to recurved valves ; carpophore present or absent. Seeds (1-) 3-20+, yellow-brown to dark brown, globose to ellipsoid , laterally compressed , rarely shiny, papillate or rugose , rarely smooth , marginal wing absent, appendage absent. x = 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.

Species ca. 120: worldwide, mainly north-temperate regions.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Woodlands, hedgerows; 0-500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,303 meters (0 to 4,275 feet).[4]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 15-18" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Alsine graminea (L.) Britt. • Alsine holostea (Linnaeus) Britton • Alsine holstea (L.) Britton • Stellaria graminea var. latifolia Peterm.

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Stellaria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 51 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

S. alaskana (Alaska Starwort) · S. alsine (Bog Chickweed) · S. americana (American Chickweed) · S. antillana (West Indian Starwort) · S. borealis (Boreal Starwort) · S. borealis borealis (Boreal Starwort) · S. borealis subsp. sitchana (Sitka Starwort) · S. calycantha (Northern Chickweed) · S. ciliatosepala (Edwards' Starwort) · S. corei (Tennessee Chickweed) · S. crassifolia (Fleshy Starwort) · S. crassifolia var. crassifolia (Fleshy Starwort) · S. crassifolia var. eriocalycina (Fleshy Starwort) · S. crassifolia var. linearis (Fleshy Starwort) · S. crassipes (Tundra Starwort) · S. crispa (Crisp Starwort) · S. cuspidata (Mexican Starwort) · S. dicranoides (Chamisso's Starwort) · S. fontinalis (American Water Starwort) · S. graminea (Common Starwort) · S. graminea var. graminea (Grass-Leaf Starwort) · S. holostea (Addersmeat) · S. humifusa (Salt-Marsh Starwort) · S. irrigua (Colorado Starwort) · S. littoralis (Beach Starwort) · S. longifolia (Long-Leaf Starwort) · S. longifolia var. atrata (Longleaf Starwort) · S. longifolia var. eciliata (Longleaf Starwort) · S. longifolia var. longifolia (Longleaf Chickweed) · S. longipes (Long-Stalk Starwort) · S. longipes longipes (Long-Stalk Starwort) · S. longipes longipes var. longipes (Meadow Starwort) · S. longipes subsp. arenicola (Longstalk Starwort) · S. media (Chickweed) · S. media media (Chickweed) · S. media neglecta (Chickweed) · S. media subsp. neglecta (Common Chickweed) · S. nemorum (Wood Stitchwort) · S. nitens (Shiny Chickweed) · S. obtusa (Blunt-Sepaled Starwort) · S. oxyphylla (Robust Starwort) · S. pallida pallida (Common Chickweed) · S. palustris (Marsh Stitchwort) · S. parva (Pygmy Starwort) · S. porsildii (Porsild's Starwort) · S. prostrata (Prostrate Starwort) · S. pubera (Great Chickweed) · S. ruscifolia (Circumpolar Starwort) · S. ruscifolia subsp. aleutica (Circumpolar Starwort) · S. sitchana sitchana (Sitka Starwort) · S. umbellata (Umbellate Chickweed)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• GBIF-Spain, Departamento de Biolog. Veg. II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid: MAF
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
• NLBIF, Limnodata
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo
• SysTax, Herbarium Universitat Ulm
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Botany
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Lund Botanical Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Plants
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-20182
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:159248-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 35496
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 20182
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: STHO2
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 20655

Footnotes

1. Dequan Lu, Zhengyi Wu, Lihua Zhou, Shilong Chen, Michael G. Gilbert, Magnus Lidn, John McNeill, John K. Morton, Bengt Oxelman, Richard K. Rabeler, Mats Thulin, Nicholas J. Turland & Warren L. Wagner "Caryophyllaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. John K. Morton "Stellaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. "Stellaria holostea". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
4. Mean = 107.990 meters (354.298 feet), Standard Deviation = 173.410 based on 855 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.