Stellaria borealis

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Family Caryophyllaceae

Herbs annual or perennial , rarely subshrubs or shrubs . Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate , simple , entire, usually connate at base ; stipules scarious , bristly , or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes , capitula, pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic , bisexual , rarely unisexual , occasionally cleistogamous . Sepals (4 or) 5, free , imbricate, or connate into a tube , leaflike or scarious, persistent , sometimes bracteate below calyx. Petals (4 or) 5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2--) 5--10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2--5, united into a compound ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2--5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free, central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous , campylotropous. Styles (1 or) 2--5, sometimes united at base. Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous , scarious, or papery , dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 × as many as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform , ovoid , or rarely dorsiventrally compressed , abaxially grooved , blunt , or sharply pointed , rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular , striate or tuberculate , rarely smooth or spongy ; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but eccentric ; perisperm mealy.

Between 75 and 80 genera and ca. 2000 species: widespread but mainly of temperate or warm-temperate occurrence in the N hemisphere, with principal centers of distribution in the Mediterranean region and W Asia to W China and the Himalayas, fewer species in Africa S of the Sahara, America, and Oceania; 30 genera (two endemic) and 390 species (193 endemic) in China.

Arenaria, Silene, and Stellaria contain over half the species in the family in China. They are mostly concentrated in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau , and are especially rich from the Hengduan Mountains to the Himalayas. The main uses of this family are medicinal and ornamental . Dianthus superbus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata, and Vaccaria hispanica are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine . Some species of Arenaria, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Psammosilene, and Silene are used as medicinal herbs among the people or are habitually used in local Chinese medicine. Many species of Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene are grown as ornamentals. Atocion armeria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ( Silene armeria Linnaeus), native to Russia and Europe, is also cultivated in China. It differs from Silene in having a corymbose inflorescence and obscure calyx veins. Wu Cheng-yih, Ke Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Tang Chang-lin & Lu De-quan. 1996. Caryophyllaceae. In: Tang Chang-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 47–449.[1]

Genus Stellaria

Plants annual , winter annual , or perennial . Taproots usually slender, perennial taxa often rhizomatous , rooting at nodes. Stems prostrate to ascending or erect , simple or branched, terete or 4-angled. Leaves sometimes connate basally into sheath , often sessile; blade 1-veined, linear or lanceolate to ovate or deltate, succulent (S. crassifolia [gemmae], S. fontinalis, S. humifusa, and S. irrigua) or not, apex acute or obtuse . Inflorescences terminal , open cymes, rarely axillary (S. alsine, S. americana) or umbellate (S. umbellata), or terminal or axillary solitary flowers; bracts paired (1 in S. dicranoides), foliaceous , scarious and reduced, or absent. Pedicels erect, sometimes reflexed in fruit, glabrous or pubescent , not glandular . Flowers usually bisexual (S. dicranoides unisexual ) ; perianth and androecium hypogynous or weakly perigynous; hypanthium cup- or disc-shaped; sepals (4-) 5, distinct , green, occasionally purple tinged (S. irrigua) or red proximally (S. pallida), lanceolate to ovate-triangular, 2-12 mm, herbaceous (rarely coriaceous ), margins often white, scarious, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse, not hooded ; petals (1-) 5 or absent, white (sometimes translucent in S. borealis), not clawed, blade apex 2-fid usually for 3- 5 its length (S. holostea occasionally laciniate ) ; nectaries at base of filaments opposite sepals usually present, disc sometimes prominent ; stamens (1-) 5 or 10 or absent, arising from nectariferous disc (prominent in S. dicranoides and S. irrigua) at ovary base; filaments distinct; staminodes absent; styles [2-]3(-5), capitate to clavate , 0.2-7 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas [2-]3(-5), terminal or subterminal , papillate (30×). Capsules globose to conic, opening by 3 or 6, occasionally 4, 8, or 10 ascending to recurved valves ; carpophore present or absent. Seeds (1-) 3-20+, yellow-brown to dark brown, globose to ellipsoid , laterally compressed , rarely shiny, papillate or rugose , rarely smooth , marginal wing absent, appendage absent. x = 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.

Species ca. 120: worldwide, mainly north-temperate regions.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,650 meters (0 to 8,694 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Alsine borealis (Bigelow) Britton

Notes

A tentatively accepted name in the RHS Horticultural Database.

Publishing author : Davidson & Moxley Basionym author: (Fernald) Publishing author: Britton Publication : Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 149 1894 Publishing author: E.H.L.Krause Publication: in Sturm, Fl. Deutschland, ed. 2, v. 64 (1901) Name Status: Accepted Name. Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

Members of the genus Stellaria

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 344 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. abortiva · S. aculeata · S. alaschanica · S. alaskana (Alaska Starwort) · S. alatavica · S. alpestris · S. alpicola · S. alpina · S. alsine (Trailing Stitchwort) · S. alsinoides · S. altenoides · S. altimontana · S. amblyosepala · S. americana (American Chickweed) · S. anagalloides · S. angarae · S. angustifolia · S. anhweiensis · S. anomala · S. antillana (West Indian Starwort) · S. antoniana · S. apetala · S. aphanantha · S. aquatica · S. arctica · S. arenaria · S. arenarioides · S. arenicola · S. arisanensis · S. aristata · S. arvalis · S. arvensis · S. atrata var. atrata · S. atrata var. eciliata · S. australis · S. autumnalis · S. axillaris · S. baldwini · S. barthiana · S. biflora · S. bistyla · S. bistylata · S. boraeana · S. borealis (Boreal Starwort) · S. borealis alpestris · S. borealis bongardiana · S. borealis borealis (Boreal Starwort) · S. borealis corollina · S. borealis sitchana · S. borealis subsp. sitchana (Sitka Starwort) · S. borealis var. ß · S. bracteata · S. brauniana · S. brevifolia · S. bulbifera · S. bulbosa · S. bungeana · S. caespitosa · S. calycantha (Northern Chickweed) · S. calycantha interior · S. capillipes · S. catalaunica · S. cerastioides · S. cerastium · S. cerastoides · S. chamaejasme · S. cherleriae · S. chilensis · S. chinensis · S. ciliata · S. ciliatisepala · S. ciliatosepala (Edwards' Starwort) · S. cilicica · S. congestiflora · S. connata · S. cordata · S. corei (Tennessee Chickweed) · S. crassifolia (Thickleaved Chickweed) · S. crassifolia var. crassifolia (Fleshy Starwort) · S. crassifolia var. eriocalycina (Fleshy Starwort) · S. crassifolia var. linearis (Fleshy Starwort) · S. crassipes (Tundra Starwort) · S. crispa (Crispleaved Chickweed) · S. crispata · S. cucubaloides · S. cuonaensis · S. cupaniana · S. cuspidata (Mexican Chickweed) · S. cuspidata subsp. prostrata · S. davidi · S. debilis · S. decipiens · S. decumbens · S. delavayi · S. depressa · S. dianthifolia · S. dichotoma · S. dicranoides (Chamisso's Starwort) · S. diffusa · S. dilleniana

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Further Reading

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• A flora of California, by Willis Linn Jepson. San Francisco, Calif., Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, 1909- ENG url p. 480, p. 484.
• A flora of the South Fork of Kings River: from Millwood to the head waters of Bubbs Creek / by Alice Eastwood. [San Francisco]: Sierra Club, 1902. ENG url p. 23.
• A preliminary catalogue of the flora of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Victoria, B.C., Printed by W. H. Cullin, 1921. ENG url p. 37.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 21, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 28, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 12 providers.
• "Stellaria borealis". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Jan 19, 2007.
• USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

• Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
• Burke Museum: Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium (WTU)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Herbarium
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
• GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
• GBIF-Sweden: Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• Icelandic Institute of Natural History: Herbarium (AMNH)
• Icelandic Institute of Natural History: Herbarium (ICEL)
• Icelandic Institute of Natural History: Observational database of Icelandic plants
• Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences: Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo (O)
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Vascular Plants, Field notes, Oslo (O)
• Oregon State University: Vascular Plant Collection
• University Museums of Norway (MUSIT)
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of Alaska Museum of the North Herbarium (ALA)
• USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2669463
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-505357
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13537045
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:159083-1
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 505357
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: STCAL2 STB
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 64415

Footnotes

1. Dequan Lu, Zhengyi Wu, Lihua Zhou, Shilong Chen, Michael G. Gilbert, Magnus Lidén, John McNeill, John K. Morton, Bengt Oxelman, Richard K. Rabeler, Mats Thulin, Nicholas J. Turland & Warren L. Wagner "Caryophyllaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. John K. Morton "Stellaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 761.470 meters (2,498.261 feet), Standard Deviation = 392.140 based on 2,079 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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