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Sphagnum fallax

(Sphagnum)

Common Names

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Common Names in English:

Sphagnum

Common Names in Informal Latinized N:

Sphagnum

Description

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Genus Sphagnum

Plants typically with upright stems, young branches arranged spirally around stem at growing apex into a capitulum, branches clustered into fascicles along stem, stem and branch leaves of alternating inflated , S-shaped to rhomboid hyaline cells and narrow linear chlorophyllous cells, hyaline cells typically fibrillose and porose on branch leaves. Protonema typically 1-stratose, gametophyte developing from lateral margin . Stems differentiated into a central cylinder of thin-walled parenchymatous cells, merging into a cylinder of thick-walled cortical cells surrounded by 0-4 layers of thin-walled inflated cells, superficial layer of cells usually aporose, but may be porose. Stem leaves may be less fibrillose or efibrillose and less porose or aporose than the branch leaves, often septate , a distinct border of narrow linear chlorophyllous cells often along margins and at base , and with a greater width :length ratio than branch leaves in anisophyllous forms, partly differentiated in hemiisophyllous forms, and identical in isophyllous forms. Branches typically dimorphic as spreading and pendent branches, but some species lack branches or branches are not clearly differentiated, pendent branches typically more slender than spreading branches and with a tendency to adhere to and cover the stem. Branch fascicles typically with 2 spreading and 1-2 pendent branches, but there may be up to 12(-14) per fascicle. Branch stems typically green, with a superficial layer of inflated retort cells; these grouped or solitary, usually porose at the distal end with a conspicuous or inconspicuous neck. Branch leaves with 2/5 phyllotaxy, of a 1-stratose network of alternating chlorophyllous and hyaline cells; hyaline cells usually S-shaped, rarely rhomboid, nearly always strengthened with conspicuous spiral fibrils , small to large, round to elliptic and sometimes ringed pores occur along commissures or rarely on cell lumen, convex surface typically with more pores per cell than concave surface; chlorophyllous cells may be enclosed on both surfaces, more broadly exposed on one surface or equally exposed on both surfaces as viewed in transverse section , adjacent cell walls typically smooth , but various types of cell wall projections may be clearly visible in transverse section. Sexual condition dioicous or monoicous; stalked globose antheridia borne at the tips of branches usually with swollen colored tips of branches near capitulum; long-necked archegonia borne on short branches singly surrounded by perichaetial leaves that are typically longer than branch leaves. Capsule spherical , brown to black, lacking an annulus or peristome with a operculum convex; spore sac amphithecial in origin , over-arching columella. Calyptra membranous. Spores tetrahedral , with prominent trilete mark , fine to coarse superficial surface, distal surface may have raised Y-mark, bifurcated Y-mark sculpture, or none.

Species 285: worldwide except Antarctica, primarily in boreal regions but also in cool, moist montane and oceanic habitats such as nutrient-poor and acidic wetlands and mires .

The concept of species in Sphagnum is controversial. We have followed P. Isoviita (1966) and K . I. Flatberg (1994) in the recognition of species. H. A. Crum (1984) and others (R. E. Daniels and A. Eddy 1985; A. L. Andrews 1958, 1959) have adopted more conservative taxonomic concepts for species in the Northern Hemisphere. Description of the spores above is from Cao T. and D. H. Vitt (1986) ; for additional discussion of the protonema see C. B . McQueen (1988).

Microscopic features can be observed by using a concentrated aqueous or alcohol solution of Crystal Violet. A 50% solution of alcohol and Methylene Blue or Safranin Red can be used, but these usually do not stain features such as minute pores, fibrils, wall thinnings , and surface sculpture on the chlorophyllous cells. The number and kinds of branches should be determined, individual stem and branch leaves (from the middle of a spreading branch) should be examined from the distal 2 cm of the plant, and the superficial surface of stem cortical cells as well as cross sections of branch leaves and stems may need examination.[1]

Physical Description

Species Sphagnum fallax

Plants moderate-sized, fairly stiff-stemmed; green, brownish green, pale yellow, golden yellow, yellow and brown; capitulum hemispherical and not 5-radiate to somewhat 5-radiate in shade-grown or wet-grown forms. Stems pale green to pale brown, superficial cortex of 2 layers of moderately differentiated cells . Stem leaves triangular to lingulate-triangular, 0.8-1.2 mm, mostly appressed to the stem, apex acute to apiculate , hyaline cells mostly efibrillose and nonseptate. Branches straight, mostly unranked, but can be 5-ranked in wet-growing forms, leaves little elongated at distal branch ends. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2-3 pendent branches. Branch stems green but proximal end sometimes red, with cortex enlarged with conspicuous retort cells. Branch leaves ovate-lanceolate, greater than 1.2 mm, straight, undulate and sharply recurved when dry, margins entire ; hyaline cells on convex surface with usually 1 round pore per cell at apical end, on concave side with round wall thinnings in the cell ends and angles ; chlorophyllous cells triangular and just reaching or slightly enclosed within the concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 25-31 µm; proximal surface finely papillose , distal surface pusticulate with bifurcated Y-mark sculpture; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius. [source]

Sporophytes are uncommon, capsules mature early to mid summer. [source]

Sphagnum fallax can be distinguished from the closely related S. isoviitae by its sharply recurved branch leaves, as opposed to the leaves of the latter only slightly reflexed at their tips . See also discussion under 26. S. brevifolium and 46. S. splendens. [source]

Habitat

Widespread in poor fen habitats , often as a pioneer species in extensive mats, occasionally in ombrotrophic mires at hummock bases ; low to moderate elevations

Taxonomy

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Ambiguous Synonyms

  1. Sphagnum apiculatum H. Lindberg, 1903

Unambiguous Synonyms

  1. S. apiculatum H. Lindberg
  2. S. flexuosum var. fallax (H. Klinggräff) A. j. E. Smith; S. Mucronatum (Russow) Zickendrath; S. Recurvum Var. brevifolium (Braithwaite) Warnstorf
  3. S. recurvum mucronatum Russow
  4. S. recurvum var. fallax (H. Klinggräff) H. K. g. Paul
  5. Sphagnum cuspidatum var. fallax H. Klinggräff, Schriften Phys. -ökon. Ges. Königsberg 13: 7. 1872

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 19-Jul-2004

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Sphagnum

There are approximately 637 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

S. aciphyllum · S. acutifolia · S. acutifolioides · S. acutifolium · S. acutifolium meridense · S. acutifolium pallescens · S. acutifolium purpureum · S. acutifolium quinquefarium · S. acutifolium rubrum · S. acutifolium versicolor · S. acutirameum · S. acutum · S. aequalipunctatum · S. aequifolium · S. aequiporosum · S. affine (Sphagnum) · S. africanum · S. alabamae · S. alaskense · S. albescens · S. alegrense · S. algentryi · S. allionii · S. alpinum · S. amazonense · S. amazonicum · S. ambiguum · S. amblyphyllum · S. americanum · S. amoenoides · S. amoenum · S. andersonianum (Anderson's Sphagnum) · S. andinum · S. angermanicum (Angerman's Sphagnum) · S. angustifolium (Sphagnum) · S. annulatum (Sphagnum) · S. antarcticum · S. antarense · S. antillarum · S. antioquiense · S. aongstroemii (Aongstroem's Sphagnum) · S. apiculatum · S. apollinairei · S. aquatile · S. arbogastii · S. arboreum · S. arcticum (Arctic Sphagnum) · S. atroligneum · S. aureum · S. auriculatum · S. austinii (Austin's Sphagnum) · S. australe · S. austro-americanum · S. austro-molle · S. azuayense · S. bahiense · S. balslevii · S. balticum (Baltic Sphagnum) · S. barclayae · S. bartlettianum (Bartlett's Sphagnum) · S. batumense · S. bavaricum · S. beccarii · S. beyrichianum · S. biforme · S. billbuckii · S. bocainense · S. bolanderi · S. boliviae · S. boomii · S. bordasii · S. borneoense · S. bourbonense · S. boyacanum · S. brachybolax · S. brachycaulon · S. brachycladum · S. brasiliense · S. breedlovei · S. brevicaule · S. brevifolium · S. brevirameum · S. buckianum · S. caldense · S. calymmatophyllum · S. campicola · S. capense · S. capillaceum · S. capillaceum tenellum · S. capillifolioides · S. capillifolium (Sphagnum) · S. capillifolium rubellum · S. capillifolium var. tenellum · S. carlottae · S. carneum · S. carolinianum (Carolina Sphagnum) · S. caroliniarum · S. centrale (Sphagnum) · S. ceylonicum · S. chevalieri

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

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Contributors

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 27, 2008:

Identifiers

Footnotes

  1. "Sphagnum". in Flora of North America Vol. 27 Page 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Last Revised: 2009-04-24