Solanum dulcamara (Bitter Nightshade)

Overview

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Bittersweet nightshade. <em>Solanum dulcamara</em>

Interesting Facts

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The solanine contained in the berries can be used for treating rheumatism, arthritis, and skin disease, and used as a pesticide. [source]

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Bitter Nightshade, Bittersweet, Bittersweet Nightshade, Blue Nightshade, Climbing Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade, Dulcamara, European Bittersweet, Fellenwort, Felonwood, Scarlet Berry, Woody Nightshade

Common Names in Finnish:

Punakoiso

Common Names in French:

Douce-Amère, Morelle, Morelle Douce-Amère, Vigne De Judée

Common Names in German:

Bittersüßer Nachtschatten

Common Names in Japanese:

Manubano Noroshi

Description

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Family Solanaceae

Herbs, shrubs , small trees , or climbers . Stems sometimes prickly, rarely thorny; hairs simple , branched, or stellate , sometimes glandular . Leaves alternate, solitary or paired , simple or pinnately compound , without stipules; leaf blade entire, dentate , lobed , or divided . Inflorescences terminal , overtopped by continuing axes, appearing axillary , extra-axillary , or leaf opposed, often apparently umbellate , racemose, paniculate , clustered, or solitary flowers, rarely true cymes, sometimes bracteate . Flowers mostly bisexual , usually regular, 5-merous, rarely 4- or 6-9-merous. Calyx mostly lobed. Petals united . Stamens as many as corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted within corolla, all alike or 1 or more reduced; anthers dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores . Ovary 2-5-locular; placentation mostly axile ; ovules usually numerous . Style 1. Fruiting calyx often becoming enlarged, mostly persistent . Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds with copious endosperm; embryo mostly curved .

About 95 genera with 2300 species: best represented in western tropical America, widespread in temperate and tropical regions ; 20 genera (ten introduced ) and 101 species in China.

Some species of Solanaceae are known in China only by plants cultivated in ornamental or specialty gardens: Atropa belladonna Linnaeus, Cyphomandra betacea (Cavanilles) Sendtner, Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, Nicotiana alata Link & Otto, and Solanum jasminoides Paxton.[1]

Genus Solanum

Herbs, shrubs , climbers , or small trees , sometimes prickly; hairs simple , branched, or stellate , sometimes glandular . Leaves solitary or paired , simple or pinnately compound , mostly petiolate ; leaf blade entire, dentate , lobed , or parted . Inflorescences axillary , extra-axillary , or leaf opposed, mostly racemose, paniclulate, umbellate , fasciculate, or solitary flowers, without bracts; peduncle branched or not, sometimes obsolete . Flowers bisexual or andromonoecious, mostly actinomorphic , often 5-merous. Calyx mostly lobed partway and splitting further at sinuses. Corolla mostly rotate or stellate. Stamens inserted high in corolla tube ; anthers often connivent or connate around style, dehiscing by apical pores , often later splitting longitudinally. Ovary 2-5-locular, with enlarged placentae; ovules axile , numerous . Stigma small. Fruiting calyx persistent, sometimes enlarged and enclosing berry. Berries mostly juicy. Seeds discoid or lenticular ; embryo strongly curved .

About 1200 species: most in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in the Americas; 41 species in China, about half introduced from elsewhere.[2]

Physical Description

Species Solanum dulcamara

Vines perennial , herbaceous, unarmed , glabrous or sparsely pubescent . Leaves unequal paired , sometimes compound with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets proximal to main leaflet; petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-hastate, 4-11 × 2-8 cm, sparsely pubescent, base hastate or with 1 or rarely 2 lobes , margin entire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences extra-axillary , lax , open, many-flowered panicles; peduncle 1-3 cm, branched. Pedicel 5-12 mm, sparsely pubescent. Calyx 1.5-2 × 2-3 mm; lobes deltate, sparsely pubescent. Corolla purple, usually with a yellow eye, 5-8 mm; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Filaments ca. 0.5 mm; anthers connate , 2-3.5 mm. Style slender, ca. 5.5 mm. Berry red, globose or ovoid , 6-8 mm in diam. Seeds discoid , 1.5-2 mm in diam. Fl. summer, fr. autumn. [source]

Habit: Subshrub , Forb/herb

Flowers: Bloom Period: June. • Flower Color: blue-violet

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 6-8' tall.

Habitat

Slopes at forest edges ; 500-3500 [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,840 meters (0 to 6,037 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 6-9" apart.

Soil: Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade.

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Asteridae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Solananae () - R. Dahlgren Ex Reveal, 1992
        Order: Solanales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Solanaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - nightshades, solanacées
        Subfamily: Solanoideae ()
        Tribe: Solaneae ()
        Genus: Solanum () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Nightshade
        Specific epithet: dulcamara - L.
        Botanical name: - Solanum dulcamara L.

Synonyms

Solanum (Moench) Dunal Subsect. Dulcamara • Solanum (Moench) Dunal Unranked. Dulcamara

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 2004-2008

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Solanum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1665 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Herbarium Willing
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University, Flora of the Stołowe Mts.
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Vascular Plant Herbarium, Oslo
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Vegetation surveys of coastal shingle in Great Britain
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
Utah Valley State College
, Utah Valley State College Herbarium

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2653516
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Sol-2303
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5304283
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:891668-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 101313
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 30414
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: SODUV
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 61976

Footnotes

Zhi-Yun Zhang, Anmin Lu & William G. D'Arcy "Solanaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 300. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Solanum". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 314. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Solanum dulcamara". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 318. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 151.240 meters (496.194 feet), Standard Deviation = 212.980 based on 8,563 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Solanum dulcamara

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Solanaceae

Genus Solanum

Physical Description

Species Solanum dulcamara

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Solanum

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes